Chapter 3

Question 1

Development

Answer 1

Study of change.

Question 2

Nature vs. Nurture

Answer 2

Nature: Genetic code
Nurture: How ones environment effects them.

Question 3

Continuity & Stages

Answer 3

Continuity: Develops over time (vocabulary).
Stages: Happens automatically (crawling to walking).

Question 4

Stability & Change

Answer 4

Understanding normal stability and changes can help us understand what is not normal (If a child is not walking at 16 months there is too much stability in crawling).

Question 5

Conception

Answer 5

About 250 million sperm ejected, it takes 18 to get the job done, but only 1 is going to fertilize the egg.

Question 6

Prenatal Development

Answer 6

Zygote: fertilized egg that replicates genetic code
Embryo: first couple weeks
Fetus: by 9 weeks

Question 7

Critical Period

Answer 7

A time in which the developing human must experience something, if they don’t they won’t be able to develop certain skills.

Question 8

Teratogens

Answer 8

Anything that can adversely affect child development (alcohol, radiation exposure, viruses).

Question 9

Neurogenesis & Synaptogenesis

Answer 9

Neurogenesis: the process of creating new neurons.
Synaptogenesis: the process of forming connections between nerves.

Question 10

Rapid Growth & Pruning

Answer 10

At 7 years old, the brain is overcrowded with information (rapid growth), to make room, the brain goes through the process of pruning to make the brain more refined and effective.

Question 11

Experience expectant & Experience dependent

Answer 11

Expectant: Normal development (walking, talking)
Dependent: Unique experiences that contribute to brain growth (children playing with an abacus)

Question 12

Enrichment

Answer 12

How much stimulation an infant gets, adds to dependent experience.

Question 13

Preterm births (preemies)

Answer 13

Preterm birth: early birth
SGA: Small for gestational age

Question 14

Jean Piaget’s Theory

Answer 14

Learning is like climbing a ladder, one must have a stable hold on the previous rung before moving onto the next.

Question 15

Piaget’s Stages

Answer 15

• Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Take in the world through senses and actions.
• Preoperational (until 6-7 years): Represent things with words and images, pretend play, but not understanding models.
• Concrete operational (7 years): Grasp more complex concepts like math
• Formal operational (12 years): Abstract thinking. If this then that. Control emotions.

Question 16

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 16

Studies how children learn through social interactions and language.

Question 17

Harry Harlow (the monkey abuser)

Answer 17

Helped put an end to cruel child-rearing practices.

Question 18

Safe base & Star investigation

Answer 18

As children develop bonds, they develop safe bases in which they move farther and farther away (star investigation) before touching back on the safe base.

Question 19

Attachment Differences

Answer 19

Secure and Insecure attachments to parents effects how a child acts and thinks of a caregiver.