Study Guide 3 (7-9) Flashcards
Information processing
Implicit memories: Unconscious memory (knowing where the kitchen is)
Explicit memories: Memories we can talk about (being able to say where the kitchen is)
Your implicit memories include automatic skills, like knowing how to ride a bike.
Sensory, short term, long term, working memory (know each including duration and capacity)
Sensory: Huge capacity, measured in milliseconds. Holds all information from sensory systems.
Short Term: Smaller capacity, shorter duration. We remember 7 (plus or minus 2) bits of information so we group them together.
Long Term: Infinite capacity and duration. Information can be added.
Working memory: Links new experiences with long term memories.
Spacing effect
Distributed practice or study. You retain information better you space your study with reviewing time later.
Misinformation effect
When information received after an event changes the memory for the event. Changing how someone thought of their dog by telling them a false story of their dog.
Meaningful encoding
We can avoid encoding errors (not allowing information to go to long term) by attaching meaningful terms to it.
Deja ve
We experience familiarity without conscious recall and it feels like you’ve been in the exact situation before.
Serial position effect
You remember information at the beginning (primacy effect) of a list and the very end (recency effect) but not the middle.
Positive transfer
Old and new information that matches and is added together.
Recognition vs. recall
Recall: retrieving information out of storage and into conscious awareness.
Recognition: identification items you’ve previously learned.
As you age, the number of words you recognize is pretty stable, but the number of words you can recall declines with age.
Types of interference
Interference is when new and old information gets mixed up.
Proactive interference: older memory makes it more difficult to remember new information (trying to remember a new password because you think of your old one).
Retroactive interference: new learning disrupts your memory of older information (someone sings new lyrics to old song, you can’t remember original).
Parallel processing
Processing many stimulus or problems at the same time.
Encoding and retrieval failure
Encoding: when memory is put into long term. Failure is when it wasn’t
Retrieval failure: It is out of reach and we don’t have enough information to retrieve it.
Echoic and iconic memory
Iconic: Flashing picture of a memory
Echoic: Echoing sound a of a memory
Implicit vs. explicit memory
Implicit: Unconscious memory, automatic. You know how to ride a bike.
Explicit: Memories we can talk about, effortful. You remember learning how to ride a bike.
Chunking
We can only remember 7 (plus or minus 2) bits of information at a time, so we chunk things together. I turn 801 from three bits of information into one, the Utah country area code.
Grit
Motivation and drive. It takes grit and talents to be successful. 10 year rule, 11,000 hours of practice.
Eugenics
Discriminatory 19th and 20th century, proposed measuring human traits and encouraging those that deemed fit to reproduce. Belief that genes give color, hair, and eye shape.
Grammar
Chomsky’s idea that everyone is born with an ability to learn language and grammar like birds learning to fly, and that’s why children are so good at it.
WAIS and its subscales
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; broken down into:
- Similarities (commonality of two objects, in what ways are wool and cotton alike)
- Vocabulary (naming objects and defining words)
- Block design (visual abstract processing, make one block out of four blocks)
- Letter-number sequencing (repeating series of numbers and letters and changing the order)
Normal curve
Also called a bell curve, you can see extremes of both sides of a group. Study the people on the high and low side of intelligence test scores.
Deprived environment and intellectual development
Deprived environment: A child develops responses to their environment and how much control they have, this creates a lot of who they are.
Intellectual development disorder: apparent before age 18 with a known physical cause. Down syndrome is one, people with an extra chromosome.
Creativity and Robert Sternberg
Creativity has five ingredients:
1. Expertise (solid knowledge base)
2. Imaginative thinking skills (recognize patterns, make connections)
3. Venturesome personality (seeks new experiences, tolerates gray areas, takes risks, stays focused)
4. Intrinsic motivation (internal rewards, driven by pleasure and challenge of work)
5. Creative environment (minimized stress and focused awareness, not too many distractions).
Binet and Simon intelligence test and reasons for developing it
They developed the intelligence test to find mental ages which would help children who struggle with age-appropriate schoolwork.
Broca’s Area
French physician Paul, damage to Broca’s area (area in the frontal lobe) would cause a person to struggle to speak, but sing familiar songs with ease.
Fixation
Inability to see fresh perspective. We get hung up on an incorrect view of a problem.
Scottish national intelligence test and associated research
Identified working-class children who would benefit from further education (1921, 87,498 eleven year old children). Boys and girls pretty much got the same score with boys at 100.5 and girls at 100.6.
Savant syndrome
Limited mental ability but has an exceptional specific skill like computation or drawing.
Prototype and category
A prototype is a mental image or example of a category.
Category is bird. Crow and penguin are prototypes, but crow more closely represents the bird prototype.
Verbal ability scores in adopted children (aging effects)
Intelligence test scores are more like their biological parents then their adoptive families. Over time, adopted children’s verbal ability scores become even more like those of their biological parents.
Types bias seen in intelligence tests
Cultural differences. Expectations for test makers and test takers. Stereotype threat: worrying your “type” doesn’t do as well, becomes a self-fulfilling prophesy.
Framing
How we present something. Framing can nudge our attitudes and decisions (healthier eating, saving for retirement, making moral decisions, and becoming an organ donor).
Intellectual disability
Extra copy of chromosome 21 in the genetic makeup. An intelligence test score has to be lower than 70% and difficulty adapting to normal demands of independent living, expressed in conceptual, social, and practical.
Motivation models: optimal arousal, drive theory, hierarchy of needs
- Drive theory: Meets psychological needs like hunger and thirst (Need: food, water. Drive: hunger, thirst. Drive-reducing behaviors: eating, drinking).
- Optimal arousal: behavior that is not tied to a psychological need, eliminating boredom (going on phone, watching tv).
- Hierarchy of needs: Physiological (basic needs, food and water) at the bottom, then safety (shelter), love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization. You cannot have the one above if you don’t have the one underneath it.
Narcissism and social media
Narcissism is self-esteem gone wild. Social networking can feed into narcissistic tendencies.
Set Point
The normal temperature set point is 98.6, there are also set points for weight, but everyone’s set points are different according to genetics.
Basic components of emotion
Arousal (heart pounding), behavior (pacing), and cognition (fear, anxiety)
Theories of emotion (know 4 discussed in text)
- James and Lange theory (arousal comes before emotion)
- Cannan and Bard theory (arousal and emotion happens at the same time, independent brain pathways)
- Schachter and Singer Two-factor theory (arousal with an applied label gives us the emotion. Bridge study or picture study with the heartbeat)
- Zajonc, LeDoux, and Lazarus (Stimulus leads to personal meaning. the cognition causes both arousal and emotion. If you heard a gun shot you’d be scared because of the cognitive meaning behind gun shots). All these theories are somewhat true.
Yerkes-Dodson law
Relationship between arousal and performance. Moderate arousal leads to optimal performance. Between bored and hyper is where you should be for the best performance.
Self-esteem
Achievement, competence, independence, need for recognition and respect from others. Having a social identity helps fuel the need to feel included, accepted, and loved.
Neglected children and attachment
Neglected children, especially in foster care systems may have a hard time forming deep relationships. They may become withdrawn, frightened, or speechless.
Hunger and satiation hormones/chemicals
Ghrelin: secreted by stomach cells, response to sleep deprivation. Makes you want to eat even when you’re full because you are tired and need energy. Sleep deprivation weight gain. Neuropeptide Y: secreted from intestines. Leptin: secreted by fat cells, tells us to stop eating. Cholecystokinin: secreted from small intestine does the same things.
Facial feedback
Expressions communicate, amplify, and regulate emotions. We are a little happier when smiling, sadder when frowning, and angrier when scowling. Our physiology has an effect on our psychology.
Epinephrine studies
Spillover effect. Participants were told epinephrine would either help with eyesight or arousal, and they responded different ways. Arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it.
