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Human Nutrition (Chapters 7-19) > Study guide > Flashcards

Study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Fatty liver definition

A

An early and reversible stage of liver disease often found in those who abuse alcohol, characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat within liver cells

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2
Q

Alcoholic Hepatitis definition

A

A serious inflamation of the liver caused by alcohol

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3
Q

Cirrhosis of the liver definition

A

End-stage liver disease characterized by significant abnormalities in liver structure and function, may lead to complete liver failure

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4
Q

Chronic disease that can be caused by excessive alcohol

A
  • poor bone health
  • pancreatic injury
  • diabetes
  • cancer
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5
Q

Alcohol effects on nutrition

A
  • Contributes to body fat and weight gain
  • Displaces dietary intake of other nutrients
  • Interferes with absorption and metabolism of nutrients
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6
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) definition

A

A set of serious irriversible alcohol related birth defects characterized by certain physical and mental abnormalitites

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7
Q

Fetal alcohol effects (FAE) definition

A

A more subtle set of consequences related to maternal alcohol intake, FAE is not usually identified at birth but usually identified by learning disabilities in kindergarten

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8
Q

Moderate drinking

A

1 drink for women, 2 for men

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9
Q

Binge drinking

A

5 or more drinks for men, 4 or more for women

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10
Q

During metabolism, carbohydrates are converted to….

A

Glucose

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11
Q

Metabolism definition

A

the chemical reactions by which large compounds, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, are broken down into smaller units the body can use. Also refers to the assembly of smaller units into larger compounds

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12
Q

Coenzymes definition

A

organic (carbon-containing) cofactor; many coenzymes are derived from B-vitamins

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13
Q

B complex vitamins

A 
Thiamin –B1
Riboflavin – B2
Niacin – B3
Pantothenic acid 
Biotin
Pyridoxine – B6
Folate – folic acid
Cobalamin – B12
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14
Q

Food sources of B complex vitamins

A

Grains & lean meats

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15
Q

Plays a key role in amino acid metabolism

A

vitamin B6

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16
Q

Water makes up __ to __% of body weight

A

50-70%

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17
Q

Intracellular fluid makes up ___ body water

A

2/3

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18
Q

Extracellular fluid makes up ___ body water

A

1/3

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19
Q

Electrolyte functions

A
  • Osmosis: water moves from low to high concentration.

- Sodium-potassium pumps: actively move sodium where needed

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20
Q

Dietary factors that protect against cancer

A

Low fiber and antioxidant intake

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21
Q

Vitamin C functions

A
  • Water soluble antioxidant
  • Recycles vitamin E
  • Collagen synthesis
  • Immune health
22
Q

Sources of Vitamin C

A

Colorful fruits & veggies

23
Q

Functions of vitamin E

A
  • fat soluble antioxidant
  • Protects cell membranes
  • Protects LDL from oxidation
24
Q

Precursor of vitamin A

A

Beta-carotene

25
Q

Functions of vitamin A

A

Vision & cell differentiation

26
Q

Chemical substances found in plants that are associated with reduced disease risk

A

Phytochemicals

27
Q

Phytochemicals are found in

A

Colorful fruits and veggies & legumes

28
Q

Osteoporosis definition

A

A disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk

29
Q

Intracellular fluid definition

A

The fluid held at any given time within the walls of the body’s cells

30
Q

Extracellular fluid definition

A

The fluid outside of the body’s cells, either in the body’s tissues (interstitial fluid) or as the liquid portion of the blood or lymph (intravascular fluid)

31
Q

Free radical definition

A

A highly unstable atom with an unpaired electron in outermost shell, or the molecule in which such an atom occurs

32
Q

Antioxidant definition

A

A compound that has the ability to prevent or repair damage caused by oxidation

33
Q

Vitamin d sources

A
  • milk
  • fish
  • fortified cereal
  • sunshine
34
Q

Calcium sources

A
  • milk products
  • green veggies
  • fish with soft bones
  • juices
  • cereals
  • plant-based milks
35
Q

Rules for calcium supplementation

A
  • Only take if you need them!
  • calcium carbonate and calcium citrate are the best options
  • Excessive use can lead to mineral imbalances and possibly increase calcium deposits in arteries
  • Do not take more than 500-600 mg per dose
  • Take with food
36
Q

Nutrients necessary for blood health

A
  • iron
  • folate
  • b12
  • vitamin K
  • zinc
37
Q

Iron role

A

Oxygen transport (part of hemoglobin & myoglobin)

38
Q

Folate and vitamin B12 role

A

cell division & maturation of red blood cells

39
Q

Vitamin K role

A

blood clotting

40
Q

Zinc role

A

helps the body make hemoglobin

41
Q

Stage 1 of iron deficiency

A

Iron depletion, characterized by decreased stores in iron (decrease in blood ferritin)

42
Q

Stage 2 of iron deficiency

A

Iron-deficiency erythropoiesis, decrease in transport iron and increase of total binding capacity

43
Q

Stage 3 of iron deficiency

A

Anemia, deficiency in all iron forms

44
Q

Anorexia Nervosa definition

A

A serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder that is characterized by self-starvation, which eventually leads to a deficiency in the energy and essential nutrients required by the body to function normally

45
Q

Bulimia nervosa definition

A

A serious eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain

46
Q

Leptin definition

A

A hormone, produced by body fat, that acts to reduce food intake and to decrease body weight and body fat

47
Q

Ghrelin definition

A

A protein synthesized in the stomach that acts as a hormone and plays an important role in appetite regulation by stimulating appetite

48
Q

Peptide YY characteristics

A
  • Released after eating = decreases appetite
  • Levels change with obesity
  • low levels when fasting
  • blunted response after eating
49
Q

Types of weight loss surgery

A
  • Gastric banding
  • Gastric bypass
  • Gastric sleeve
50
Q

4 types of exercise necessary for children and adolescents

A

moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise, muscle strengthening exercise, and bone strengthening exercise

Human Nutrition (Chapters 7-19) (6 decks)

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