Study guide Flashcards
Fatty liver definition
An early and reversible stage of liver disease often found in those who abuse alcohol, characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat within liver cells
Alcoholic Hepatitis definition
A serious inflamation of the liver caused by alcohol
Cirrhosis of the liver definition
End-stage liver disease characterized by significant abnormalities in liver structure and function, may lead to complete liver failure
Chronic disease that can be caused by excessive alcohol
- poor bone health
- pancreatic injury
- diabetes
- cancer
Alcohol effects on nutrition
- Contributes to body fat and weight gain
- Displaces dietary intake of other nutrients
- Interferes with absorption and metabolism of nutrients
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) definition
A set of serious irriversible alcohol related birth defects characterized by certain physical and mental abnormalitites
Fetal alcohol effects (FAE) definition
A more subtle set of consequences related to maternal alcohol intake, FAE is not usually identified at birth but usually identified by learning disabilities in kindergarten
Moderate drinking
1 drink for women, 2 for men
Binge drinking
5 or more drinks for men, 4 or more for women
During metabolism, carbohydrates are converted to….
Glucose
Metabolism definition
the chemical reactions by which large compounds, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, are broken down into smaller units the body can use. Also refers to the assembly of smaller units into larger compounds
Coenzymes definition
organic (carbon-containing) cofactor; many coenzymes are derived from B-vitamins
B complex vitamins
Thiamin –B1 Riboflavin – B2 Niacin – B3 Pantothenic acid Biotin Pyridoxine – B6 Folate – folic acid Cobalamin – B12
Food sources of B complex vitamins
Grains & lean meats
Plays a key role in amino acid metabolism
vitamin B6
Water makes up __ to __% of body weight
50-70%
Intracellular fluid makes up ___ body water
2/3
Extracellular fluid makes up ___ body water
1/3
Electrolyte functions
- Osmosis: water moves from low to high concentration.
- Sodium-potassium pumps: actively move sodium where needed
Dietary factors that protect against cancer
Low fiber and antioxidant intake
Vitamin C functions
- Water soluble antioxidant
- Recycles vitamin E
- Collagen synthesis
- Immune health
Sources of Vitamin C
Colorful fruits & veggies
Functions of vitamin E
- fat soluble antioxidant
- Protects cell membranes
- Protects LDL from oxidation
Precursor of vitamin A
Beta-carotene
Functions of vitamin A
Vision & cell differentiation
Chemical substances found in plants that are associated with reduced disease risk
Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are found in
Colorful fruits and veggies & legumes
Osteoporosis definition
A disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk
Intracellular fluid definition
The fluid held at any given time within the walls of the body’s cells
Extracellular fluid definition
The fluid outside of the body’s cells, either in the body’s tissues (interstitial fluid) or as the liquid portion of the blood or lymph (intravascular fluid)
Free radical definition
A highly unstable atom with an unpaired electron in outermost shell, or the molecule in which such an atom occurs
Antioxidant definition
A compound that has the ability to prevent or repair damage caused by oxidation
Vitamin d sources
- milk
- fish
- fortified cereal
- sunshine
Calcium sources
- milk products
- green veggies
- fish with soft bones
- juices
- cereals
- plant-based milks
Rules for calcium supplementation
- Only take if you need them!
- calcium carbonate and calcium citrate are the best options
- Excessive use can lead to mineral imbalances and possibly increase calcium deposits in arteries
- Do not take more than 500-600 mg per dose
- Take with food
Nutrients necessary for blood health
- iron
- folate
- b12
- vitamin K
- zinc
Iron role
Oxygen transport (part of hemoglobin & myoglobin)
Folate and vitamin B12 role
cell division & maturation of red blood cells
Vitamin K role
blood clotting
Zinc role
helps the body make hemoglobin
Stage 1 of iron deficiency
Iron depletion, characterized by decreased stores in iron (decrease in blood ferritin)
Stage 2 of iron deficiency
Iron-deficiency erythropoiesis, decrease in transport iron and increase of total binding capacity
Stage 3 of iron deficiency
Anemia, deficiency in all iron forms
Anorexia Nervosa definition
A serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder that is characterized by self-starvation, which eventually leads to a deficiency in the energy and essential nutrients required by the body to function normally
Bulimia nervosa definition
A serious eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain
Leptin definition
A hormone, produced by body fat, that acts to reduce food intake and to decrease body weight and body fat
Ghrelin definition
A protein synthesized in the stomach that acts as a hormone and plays an important role in appetite regulation by stimulating appetite
Peptide YY characteristics
- Released after eating = decreases appetite
- Levels change with obesity
- low levels when fasting
- blunted response after eating
Types of weight loss surgery
- Gastric banding
- Gastric bypass
- Gastric sleeve
4 types of exercise necessary for children and adolescents
moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise, muscle strengthening exercise, and bone strengthening exercise
