Chapter 7 & 8 Flashcards
Anabolism can…
Make larger, more chemically complex molecules & use glucose to make glycogen (requires energy)
Catabolism can…
Breakdown larger molecules into smaller ones & convert protein into amino acids (energy released)
When cells catabolize macronutrients, the energy is packaged as…
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
NAD and NADP are derivatives of the B-vitamin…
Niacin
NAD and NADP function as…
Coenzymes
Lactate (lactic acid) characteristics
Production occurs in the muscle cells during high intensity exercise & Lactate diffuses from the muscles and is transported to the liver
TCA/Kreb’s cycle characteristics
The pathway occurs in the mitochondria of the cell & it is a continuous circle of eight metabolic reactions
Fatty acids can be converted to…
Glucose
Ketone bodies are…
Alternative metabolic pathway triggered by inadequate carbohydrate intake; resultant build-up of acetyl-CoA
Glycolysis is the…
Conversion of glucose to pyruvate
Deamination is the…
Removal of nitrogen required if amino acids are going to be used for energy
Lipolysis is the…
Catabolism of triglycerides
Traits of prolonged fasting/starvation
The brain starts using ketone bodies as fuel source & muscle protein is sacrificed to provide a source of glucose
Types of B vitamins (4)
Thiamin, Folate, Pantothenic acid, and Riboflavin
Best sources of the B-complex vitamins
Lean meats & whole grains
Why do B vitamins boost energy?
B-vitamins are coenzymes that help the body metabolize macronutrients through reactions in the energy metabolism pathway & taking B-vitamins does not boost your energy level unless you are deficient
Without vitamin B6, all amino acids would be essential, because…
Vitamin B6 is converted to the coenzyme PLP which is active in amino acid metabolism & the coenzyme PLP aids in the synthesis of non-essential amino acids by playing a role in transamination
Vitamin B12 trait
This vitamin helps maintain the myelin sheath and can be stored in the liver
Thiamin trait
Ability to metabolize carbohydrate is diminished when lacking
Niacin trait
High dose supplements can lead to flushing
Folate trait
Deficiency can cause macrocytic anemia
People most at risk for developing Vitamin B deficiencies
Alcoholics who do not have an adequate dietary intake & individuals with a poor dietary intake
Vitamin definition
Organic micronutrient compounds essential for regulating body processes; classified as water soluble or fat soluble
Megadosing definition
Taking a dose of a nutrient that is 10 or more times greater than the recommended amount
RDA definition
The average daily nutrient intake levels that meets the nutrient requirements of 97% to 98% of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group
UL definition
The highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a particular life stage and gender group
Intracellular fluid definition
The fluid held at any given time within the walls of the body’s cells
Extracellular fluid definition
The fluid outside of the body’s cells, either in the body’s tissues (interstitial fluid) or as the liquid portion of the blood or lymph (intravascular fluid)
