Chapter 7 & 8

Question 1

Anabolism can…

Answer 1

Make larger, more chemically complex molecules & use glucose to make glycogen (requires energy)

Question 2

Catabolism can…

Answer 2

Breakdown larger molecules into smaller ones & convert protein into amino acids (energy released)

Question 3

When cells catabolize macronutrients, the energy is packaged as…

Answer 3

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 4

NAD and NADP are derivatives of the B-vitamin…

Answer 4

Niacin

Question 5

NAD and NADP function as…

Answer 5

Coenzymes

Question 6

Lactate (lactic acid) characteristics

Answer 6

Production occurs in the muscle cells during high intensity exercise & Lactate diffuses from the muscles and is transported to the liver

Question 7

TCA/Kreb’s cycle characteristics

Answer 7

The pathway occurs in the mitochondria of the cell & it is a continuous circle of eight metabolic reactions

Question 8

Fatty acids can be converted to…

Answer 8

Glucose

Question 9

Ketone bodies are…

Answer 9

Alternative metabolic pathway triggered by inadequate carbohydrate intake; resultant build-up of acetyl-CoA

Question 10

Glycolysis is the…

Answer 10

Conversion of glucose to pyruvate

Question 11

Deamination is the…

Answer 11

Removal of nitrogen required if amino acids are going to be used for energy

Question 12

Lipolysis is the…

Answer 12

Catabolism of triglycerides

Question 13

Traits of prolonged fasting/starvation

Answer 13

The brain starts using ketone bodies as fuel source & muscle protein is sacrificed to provide a source of glucose

Question 14

Types of B vitamins (4)

Answer 14

Thiamin, Folate, Pantothenic acid, and Riboflavin

Question 15

Best sources of the B-complex vitamins

Answer 15

Lean meats & whole grains

Question 16

Why do B vitamins boost energy?

Answer 16

B-vitamins are coenzymes that help the body metabolize macronutrients through reactions in the energy metabolism pathway & taking B-vitamins does not boost your energy level unless you are deficient

Question 17

Without vitamin B6, all amino acids would be essential, because…

Answer 17

Vitamin B6 is converted to the coenzyme PLP which is active in amino acid metabolism & the coenzyme PLP aids in the synthesis of non-essential amino acids by playing a role in transamination

Question 18

Vitamin B12 trait

Answer 18

This vitamin helps maintain the myelin sheath and can be stored in the liver

Question 19

Thiamin trait

Answer 19

Ability to metabolize carbohydrate is diminished when lacking

Question 20

Niacin trait

Answer 20

High dose supplements can lead to flushing

Question 21

Folate trait

Answer 21

Deficiency can cause macrocytic anemia

Question 22

People most at risk for developing Vitamin B deficiencies

Answer 22

Alcoholics who do not have an adequate dietary intake & individuals with a poor dietary intake

Question 23

Vitamin definition

Answer 23

Organic micronutrient compounds essential for regulating body processes; classified as water soluble or fat soluble

Question 24

Megadosing definition

Answer 24

Taking a dose of a nutrient that is 10 or more times greater than the recommended amount

Question 25

RDA definition

Answer 25

The average daily nutrient intake levels that meets the nutrient requirements of 97% to 98% of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group

Question 26

UL definition

Answer 26

The highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a particular life stage and gender group

Question 27

Intracellular fluid definition

Answer 27

The fluid held at any given time within the walls of the body’s cells

Question 28

Extracellular fluid definition

Answer 28

The fluid outside of the body’s cells, either in the body’s tissues (interstitial fluid) or as the liquid portion of the blood or lymph (intravascular fluid)