Study Cards - Chapter 8 (requires studying) Flashcards

1
Q

Quality

A
  • The degree to which a set of inherent characteristincs fulfills requirements
  • Fitness for use
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2
Q

Cost benefit analysis

A
  • weighing the cost of implementing the quality requirements agains the beneift it will deliver for the product
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3
Q

Benefits of meeting quality requirements

A
  • Decreased rework
  • Decreased costs
  • Increased productivity
  • Increased stakholder satisfaction
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4
Q

Benchmarking

A
  • compares project practices used in the past to those that are being used in the present
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5
Q

Control limits

A
  • never selected by the PM or customer

- calculated by the process itself

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6
Q

Specification limits

A
  • determined by the customer and the PM
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7
Q

Control charts

A
  • determine if the process is stable
  • identify upper and lower control limits
  • identify upper and lower specification limits
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8
Q

Design of Experiments

A
  • Developed by sir Ronald Fisher
  • Experimenting on multiple factors at once
  • Used during Plan Quality to determine testing approaches
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9
Q

Lowest cost of quality

A
  • Prevention
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10
Q

Poka Yoke

A
  • Mistake proofing

- Shegeo Shingo

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11
Q

Zero Quality Control

A
  • 100% source inspection

- Shegeo Shingo

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12
Q

FMEA

A
  • Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
  • non-proprietary approach to quality management
  • US Army
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13
Q

VOC

A
  • Voice of the Customer
  • Captures implied needs
  • Japan
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14
Q

Loss Function

A
  • Establishes a financial measure of the user’s dissatisfaction with a product
  • Genichi Taguchi
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15
Q

Matrix Diagram

A
  • House of Quality (HOQ)
  • Utilized in QFD
  • Mizuno and Akao
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16
Q

Kano Model

A
  • Focusing on product atributes that are perceived to be important to customers
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17
Q

Marginal Analyisis

A
  • done from the point of view of the performing organization

- weights benefits for improving quality against the costs

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18
Q

Force Field Analysis

A
  • used to weigh the pros and cons of a specific action

- views proactive and opposing forces working for or agains a proposed plan

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19
Q

Nominal Group Technique

A
  • a form of brainstorming utilizing a voting process to rank ideas in order of importance
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20
Q

Zero Defects

A
  • Identify what methods and processes can be implemented to eliminate defects
  • Philip Crosby ‘Quality is Free’
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21
Q

Fitness for Use

A
  • Does the productmeet the customer’s need?

- Joseph Juran

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22
Q

Grade vs. Quality

A
  • A product can be low grade but high quality as long as it meets your quality criteria
23
Q

Five dimensions of quality

A
  • Grade
  • Conformance
  • Reliability
  • Safety
  • Use
24
Q

Management’s impact on quality

A
  • responsible for 85% or more of the quality issues that occur in the environment
  • Edwards Deming
25
System
- interdependent components that work together to accomplish a goal - Edwards Deming
26
Variation
- Critical for management to understand in a process (and who is responsible) - Edwards Deming
27
Special Cause Variation
- when a process exceeds its control limits - can be addressed by the sytem operator - Edwards Deming
28
Common Cause Variation
- natural variation in a process - improvements can only be addressed by mangement - Edwards Deming
29
Theory of knowledge
- used to build a rational prediction | - Edwards Deming
30
Psychology
- managers must understand people and how they work | - Edwards Deming
31
Kaizen
- Implement consistent and incremental improvement | - Uses Plan-Do-Check-Act
32
Six Sigma
- 99.99966% defect free - 3.4 defects in one million - DMAIC
33
DMAIC
- Five steps of six sigma - Define - Measure - Analyse - Implement - Control
34
Just in Time
- eliminates the unecessary and expensive buildup of inventory - processes typically carry no inventory - Shingo Shigeo and Taichii Ohno
35
ISO
- International Standards Organization | - Voluntary organization that promotes international standards for manufacturing
36
TQM
- Management approach centered on quality | - Koji Kobayashi
37
CMMI
- Capability Maturity Model | - process designed to help improve overall software quality
38
Seven basic quality tools
- Cause and effect diagram - Control Charts - Flowcharts - Histogram - Pareto chart - Run chart - Scatter diagram - Kaoru Ishikawa
39
Probability
- expressed as a percentage - describes likelihood that a specific event will occur - Conditional probability deals with causation
40
Statistical independence
- opposite of conditional probability | - probability of one event does not affect another
41
Mutual exclusivity
- two events cannot occur in a single trial
42
Variable data
- continuous data - can be used to perform math - variable - test score - height weight
43
Attribute data
- discrete data - cannot be used to perform math - Yes/No - Pass/Fail - Label (e.g. bus route number)
44
Ishikawa Diagram
- Root cause analysis - Graphical format - 5M's (Methods, Materials, Machinery, Manpower, Mother Nature) - 5 why's (ask five times)
45
SL outside of CL
- Process can be outside of control but within customer specification limits
46
CL outside of SL
- Process can be inside control but outside of customer specification limits
47
Rule of Seven
- out of control process | - seven consecutive points on either side of the mean
48
Rule of Six
- out of control process | - six consecutive points trending in upward or downward direction
49
Rule of Ten
- out of control process | - ten data points alternating above and below the mean
50
Flow charts
- can be used to identify failing process steps and process improvement opportunities
51
Pareto Chart
- Histogram - Prioritization tool used to identify critical issues and largest problems - 20% of the business produces 80% of waste and rework - Wilfredo Pareto
52
Run Chart
- Similar to an SPC chart | - Limits are not known
53
Scatter Diagram
- Used in trending or regression analysis - Positive correlation (+X = +Y) - Negative correlation (+X = -Y) - Neutral correlation (no relationship between x and y)