Study Cards - Chapter 8 (requires studying) Flashcards
Quality
- The degree to which a set of inherent characteristincs fulfills requirements
- Fitness for use
Cost benefit analysis
- weighing the cost of implementing the quality requirements agains the beneift it will deliver for the product
Benefits of meeting quality requirements
- Decreased rework
- Decreased costs
- Increased productivity
- Increased stakholder satisfaction
Benchmarking
- compares project practices used in the past to those that are being used in the present
Control limits
- never selected by the PM or customer
- calculated by the process itself
Specification limits
- determined by the customer and the PM
Control charts
- determine if the process is stable
- identify upper and lower control limits
- identify upper and lower specification limits
Design of Experiments
- Developed by sir Ronald Fisher
- Experimenting on multiple factors at once
- Used during Plan Quality to determine testing approaches
Lowest cost of quality
- Prevention
Poka Yoke
- Mistake proofing
- Shegeo Shingo
Zero Quality Control
- 100% source inspection
- Shegeo Shingo
FMEA
- Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
- non-proprietary approach to quality management
- US Army
VOC
- Voice of the Customer
- Captures implied needs
- Japan
Loss Function
- Establishes a financial measure of the user’s dissatisfaction with a product
- Genichi Taguchi
Matrix Diagram
- House of Quality (HOQ)
- Utilized in QFD
- Mizuno and Akao
Kano Model
- Focusing on product atributes that are perceived to be important to customers
Marginal Analyisis
- done from the point of view of the performing organization
- weights benefits for improving quality against the costs
Force Field Analysis
- used to weigh the pros and cons of a specific action
- views proactive and opposing forces working for or agains a proposed plan
Nominal Group Technique
- a form of brainstorming utilizing a voting process to rank ideas in order of importance
Zero Defects
- Identify what methods and processes can be implemented to eliminate defects
- Philip Crosby ‘Quality is Free’
Fitness for Use
- Does the productmeet the customer’s need?
- Joseph Juran
Grade vs. Quality
- A product can be low grade but high quality as long as it meets your quality criteria
Five dimensions of quality
- Grade
- Conformance
- Reliability
- Safety
- Use
Management’s impact on quality
- responsible for 85% or more of the quality issues that occur in the environment
- Edwards Deming
System
- interdependent components that work together to accomplish a goal
- Edwards Deming
Variation
- Critical for management to understand in a process (and who is responsible)
- Edwards Deming
Special Cause Variation
- when a process exceeds its control limits
- can be addressed by the sytem operator
- Edwards Deming
Common Cause Variation
- natural variation in a process
- improvements can only be addressed by mangement
- Edwards Deming
Theory of knowledge
- used to build a rational prediction
- Edwards Deming
Psychology
- managers must understand people and how they work
- Edwards Deming
Kaizen
- Implement consistent and incremental improvement
- Uses Plan-Do-Check-Act
Six Sigma
- 99.99966% defect free
- 3.4 defects in one million
- DMAIC
DMAIC
- Five steps of six sigma
- Define
- Measure
- Analyse
- Implement
- Control
Just in Time
- eliminates the unecessary and expensive buildup of inventory
- processes typically carry no inventory
- Shingo Shigeo and Taichii Ohno
ISO
- International Standards Organization
- Voluntary organization that promotes international standards for manufacturing
TQM
- Management approach centered on quality
- Koji Kobayashi
CMMI
- Capability Maturity Model
- process designed to help improve overall software quality
Seven basic quality tools
- Cause and effect diagram
- Control Charts
- Flowcharts
- Histogram
- Pareto chart
- Run chart
- Scatter diagram
- Kaoru Ishikawa
Probability
- expressed as a percentage
- describes likelihood that a specific event will occur
- Conditional probability deals with causation
Statistical independence
- opposite of conditional probability
- probability of one event does not affect another
Mutual exclusivity
- two events cannot occur in a single trial
Variable data
- continuous data
- can be used to perform math
- variable
- test score
- height weight
Attribute data
- discrete data
- cannot be used to perform math
- Yes/No
- Pass/Fail
- Label (e.g. bus route number)
Ishikawa Diagram
- Root cause analysis
- Graphical format
- 5M’s (Methods, Materials, Machinery, Manpower, Mother Nature)
- 5 why’s (ask five times)
SL outside of CL
- Process can be outside of control but within customer specification limits
CL outside of SL
- Process can be inside control but outside of customer specification limits
Rule of Seven
- out of control process
- seven consecutive points on either side of the mean
Rule of Six
- out of control process
- six consecutive points trending in upward or downward direction
Rule of Ten
- out of control process
- ten data points alternating above and below the mean
Flow charts
- can be used to identify failing process steps and process improvement opportunities
Pareto Chart
- Histogram
- Prioritization tool used to identify critical issues and largest problems
- 20% of the business produces 80% of waste and rework
- Wilfredo Pareto
Run Chart
- Similar to an SPC chart
- Limits are not known
Scatter Diagram
- Used in trending or regression analysis
- Positive correlation (+X = +Y)
- Negative correlation (+X = -Y)
- Neutral correlation (no relationship between x and y)
