Studies HR

Question 1

Knapp and Vangelisti

Answer 1

10 relationships stages, 5 of growth, 5 of decline
communication key in all of these ex. 1: Initiation and 8: circumscribing 
1) Initiation
2) Experimenting
3) Intensifying
4) Integrating
5) Bonding
6) Differentiating
7) Circumscribing
8) Stagnating
9) Avoiding
10) Terminating 

• all relationships applicable
• stimualte further research
  x reducctionist (labels, relationships are peculiar)
  x observation, not empirical research (subjective and time-consuming)

Question 2

Cannary and Stafford

Answer 2

Maintenance of relationships strategies

1) positivity
2) openness
3) social networking
4) task sharing

communication is key - direct or indirect (social netwrorking)
x categories very broad
x cross-cultural fctors not considered - task sharing

Question 3

Weigle and Ballard-Reich

Answer 3

Martial tyoes

1) Traditionalist
2) Independent
3) Separate

analysed 141 hetersoexual cuples questionnaires
x reductionist
x not generalisable
x questionnaire is subjective
x bi-directional ambiguity (maitenance strategies, but relationships are maintained although nto implemented)

Question 4

Saunders

Answer 4

Battered woman syndrome
questionnaire
found that they use violence in order to protect themselves and avoid violence on the

x questionnaire
x not generalisable - it’s a psychological condition that requests extreme violence to ocurr and exposure to violence is always a different levels and always have different effects
- shows how violence creates more violence

Question 5

Rhodes

Answer 5

questionnair
1122 men of African Americans in a non-urgent health centre
comapred to not IPV (intimate partner violence)
found higher sucide thought and depression
x questionnaire
x not generalisable
x could be that a person already was in a mental distressed state

Question 6

Moghaddam

Answer 6

individualistic: personal romantic love, end if not happy, alliance between two people
collectivistic: spouse chosen by family, permaent, alliance of two groups

Question 7

Levine

Answer 7

asked college students of 11 different countries if would have married without love - UK 4% yes, India 50%

x college students

Question 8

Bellur

Answer 8

found that family has a big say, it is based on social networking and love is discovered after marriage

Question 9

Huessman

Answer 9

correlation between what videogames you play at 8, how aggressive you are at 18 and likliness of committing a crime

x not much research (decrease eliability, ethical issues to do so tho)
x paradox: violence originates from violence? could be that originates by a physiological arousal and the itnerpretation fo it
- helpful in application

Question 10

Tedeschi and Felson

Answer 10

1) violence used to achieve social or material outcome
2) interesting when looking at it int erms of SIT - sign of group memebership and compensate loss of self esteem
3) think it is appropriate because of culture, social norms, socilisation

Question 11

Fite

Answer 11

parents more conflict the kids will consider aggression okey

Question 12

Cohen (violence)

Answer 12

culture of honour: insults must be met with violence
in the south of the USA int he past people had to protect their houses and families by themselves because of poor restricting laws, showing the loose gun controls laws now

Question 13

Levine (altuism vs prosocial behaviour)

Answer 13

corss cultural study, 23 countries
to compare the extent of helping individualtistic and collectivistic societies and simpatico\simpatica societies

1) pend dropped
2) magazine of a leg injured person dropped
3) a blind crossing the street

Rio, San Jose most helpful
NY, Kuala Lampur and Singapore less helpful

x no relation
x country doesn’t mean people

Question 14

Batson

Answer 14

Carol Call

1) listen to recording of Carol - 2 conditions: high empathy, low empathy (as people)
2) asked to share notes - 2 conditions: high cost (she is going to come back), low cost (she is not going to come back)

high empathy always helped, low empathy just in low cost did because of self-interest

Question 15

Robertson

Answer 15

1) the culure of the person considers violence acceptable
2) violence was effective in gaining their goals
3) they didn’t join volutairly

Question 16

Sheppard

Answer 16

40% of them after 5 years were convicted again or had police attention

Question 17

Dutton

Answer 17

recidivism rates increased

Question 18

Brozo

Answer 18

aim: to rise awereness of violence
participants: 2 classes of 7th grade
procedure: 1) survey regarding their violence
2) study a novel of Hispanic African living in America, reflecting on the issue of masculinity and violence
3) analyse of Columbia High School Shooting - how violence is protrayed and the effect it has on behaviour
4) IInd survey on self-reported violecne

result: violence decreased greatly

Question 19

Eldenson

Answer 19

the longer the programme the better

Question 20

Fieske

Answer 20

arranged marriages are:

• economic and social engagement in traditional societies
• strong bond between families
• divorce is impossible

Question 21

Goupta and Sigh

Answer 21

questionnaire in India: arranged marraiges higher satisfaction
-marriages for love, feelings would have decreased

Question 22

Xioanthe and Whythe

Answer 22

questionnaire to investigate whether arranged marriages were happier
586 married women: love more satisfied

Question 23

Yelsma and Athappily

Answer 23

comparison answers to questionnaire of Indian arranged, for love and American for love.

Indian arranged most satisfied

Question 24

Duck (end)

Answer 24

Model of dissolution:

1) breakdown- dissatisfaction
2) intraphysic phase - individual reflection
3) dyadic phase: interaction to talk about it
4) social pahse: find support from outsiders
5) grave dressing phase: publish end of relationship

Question 25

Lee

Answer 25

``` sequence of separation model: survey 112 couples 1) dissatisfaction 2) exposure 3) negotiation 4) resolution attempt 5) termination if the ones before are unsuccesful ```

Question 26

Barthlow

Answer 26

lab experiment to test short-term effect of violence 92 uni students 1) played first-person shooter game, competitiviness on the time tested 2) exposed to a noise, have to press a button, when you win you give unpleasent noise to the other exposure to violence in part 1, led to more and more unpleasent noises to the other

Question 27

Cahan

Answer 27

mental disease (depression, anxiety, fear, anger), school (worse grades, drop), social (deliquency and substance abuse)

Question 28

Duck (change)

Answer 28

filter relationship on social bases: location we meet, pre-interaction (what other say), interaction (cognitive process of after interacting)

Question 29

Wilkinson

Answer 29

26 months observation cattle ranch in Costa Rica 70% mother bats helped their pops (by regurgitating blood sharing) 30% would help outside

Question 30

Madsen

Answer 30

lab experiment asked participant to do a wall sit the more time in ti the more money or good the family would gain UK: closer relative the longer the time SA: no distinction between cousin or siblings

Question 31

Latane and Darely - diffusion of responsibility

Answer 31

student interviewd through intercome with 5,3,2,1 other people at one pont one of the participants made noises as if they were having a seizure, recorded the time it took to help 4 - 31% 3 - 65% 1 - 85% x didn't see victim x deception was used - ecological validity - controlled

Question 32

PIlivian

Answer 32

field experiment to see how many people would help in an emergency situation in the NY subway either drunk or blind 70s after train left they would collapse 100& helped blind, 81% drunk (cost higher) x fewer drunk trials

Question 33

Latane and Derely - pluralistic ignorance

Answer 33

to see how may people would help 1) participants waiting in a room 2) female experiment collpases outside and cries out 3) one condition: confederates don't go help; another: alone alone quicker post experiment interview: anxipus but as nobody helped thought it was because it wasn't an emergency

Question 34

Buss

Answer 34

questionnaire in 37 countries to identify qualities that individuals valued female: finanacial stability male: to carry baby, health

Question 35

Festinger

Answer 35

survey on college students friends: found that 65% were in the same buliding, 90% room next to each other, 10% down the hall

Question 36

Moreland and Beach

Answer 36

lab experiment: 1) made paricipant spend a lot of tim with a research assistant asked to rate assistant: the research assistant they knew was rated more

Question 37

Zajnoc

Answer 37

lab experiment: showed pictures of strangers and asked to rate the picture that came out the most was rated more

Question 38

Dittes and Kelly

Answer 38

asked writte feedback on other participants and found that positive feedback was given to whom was believed to be liked back

Question 39

Markey

Answer 39

asked to describe significant other and to describe themselves: similar 206 couples questionnair on other characteristic, mathced

Question 40

Aronson and Cope

Answer 40

lab experiment: with a rude prson hars supervisor with a kind person, nice supervisor supervisor asks help more likely to help if similar

Question 41

Kenirk and Gutierres

Answer 41

condition 1: showed a video of Charlie's Angels condition 2: no video then asked to rate women - condtion 2 higher

Question 42

Lewiki

Answer 42

participant spent time with an assistant, ased to rate women, the one most similar to the assistant was the one rated the most

Question 43

Aronson adn Linder

Answer 43

participant to hear confederate talking to experimenter about them. condition 1: from negative to positive condition 2: from positiv eto ngative rate confederate, higher from negativ to positive