Cognition

Question 1

Schema - studies

Answer 1

Bartlett 1932
Bransford and Johnson 1972
Bower 1979
Brewer Treyers 1981

Question 2

Schema - evaluation

Answer 2

✔️how knowledge is stored ✔️why people act in certain ways ✔️reconstructive nature of memory ✔️studies
❌vague concept: how are they acquired
❌how people decide between two schemes
❌new knowledge can’t be acquired without pre existing schemas

Question 3

reliability of memory - schema, weapon, emotion

Answer 3

Loftus and Palmer - 1974
Barlett 1932
Loftus at al. 1987
Yullie at al
Deffenbacher 2004

Question 4

MSM - studies

Answer 4

Petersen and Petersen - 1959
Glanzer and Cutniz - 1966
❌Tulving - 1972
❌Cohen and Squire - 1980

Question 5

MSM - evaluation

Answer 5

✔️studies
❌reductionist: semplicistic and mechanical
❌LTM all info stored equally –> impossible (Tulving - 1972, Cohen and Squire 1980)
❌LTM no need of rehearsal (music)

Question 6

LOP - studies

Answer 6

Craik and Tulving - 1975 (180 words)

Hyde and Jenking - 1974 (incidental and intentional)

Question 7

LOP - evaluation

Answer 7

✔️application
❌depth of processing unclear
❌the deeper, the more time therefore rehearsal
❌lab experiments

Question 8

Amnesia - studies

Answer 8

Varga and Khadem - 1997 Beth and Jhon
Milner and Scoville - 1957 operation
Sacks - 2007 encephalitis

Question 9

Amnesia - terms

Answer 9

anterograde / retrograde
episodic < semantic
diencephalon, hippocampus, temporal frontal lobe

Question 10

Two Factor Theory of Emotion - studies and evaluation

Answer 10

Schachter and Singer 1962
✔️validity 
✔️reliability 
✔️strong support 
✔️focus of cognitive: Reisenzein 1983 
❌lacked ecologica validity: Fiske 2004 
❌we don't know weather emotion derived from physics arousal or not

Question 11

Appraisal Theory of Emotion - description

Answer 11

Emotion= evaluation of situation in interaction with environment

Primary appraisal: relevance, congruence, accountability

Secondary appraisal: problem coping, emotion coping, future relevance

Question 12

Appraisal theory of emotion - studies

Answer 12

Speisman 1964
✔️controlled - valid
✔️reliable
✔️
❌emotion could be a consequence of music - can’t see cognitive processes
❌appraisal can be unconscious: Ohman 2002

Question 13

FBM - description

Answer 13

Brown and Kulik - 1997
•memory of the moment in which it's learnt about a shocking event 
•Episodic memory, like a photograph
•More accurate and vivid 
•last longer 
•covert (personal) and overt (shared) rehearsal 
•6 factors 
1) place 
2) what were you doing
3) who told you 
4) what effect it had in you 
5) what effect it had in the other 
6) what happened after

Question 14

FBM - studies

Answer 14

✔️Brown and Kulik - 1977 JFK 90%, 80p
✔️Conway et al. - 1990 Margaret Tatchet 86% UK, 29% not-UK
❌Neisser and Harsh - 1992 Challenger disaster
❌Wrigh 1993 Hillsborough disaster

Question 15

FBM - evaluation

Answer 15

✔️ application
✔️research studies
✔️explain why emotional memory remember most
❌not photographic
❌FBM reconstructive, not as accurate
❌emotional arousal might lead to increased rehearsal

Question 16

MRI scans - description and studies

Answer 16

1) put in the MRI machine
2) machine applies radio waves and magnetic field
3) 3D images of tissues (can detect where damage)

Meguire (london taxi drivers)
Milner snd Scoville (HM had labectomy, anterograde amnesia, hippocampus damage)

Question 17

MRI evaluation

Answer 17

✔️resolution
✔️repeatedly 
✔️easy 
❌if u have pace maker or are too big can't go in 
❌they correlate not find causation 
❌over interpretation 
❌slight movement changes the pictures 
❌expensive

Question 18

PET scans - method and studies

Answer 18

1) participants injected with a glucose tracker
2) in machine
3) absorption of glucose in the brain found = brain activity

Lisa Mosconi (alzheimer disease) 
Tierney (MA although encephalitis could could talk properly and speak fluent sign language = right hemisphere more activity)

Question 19

PET scans evaluation

Answer 19

✔️high resolution 
✔️allows metabolic studies
✔️tracks activity in the brain 
❌invasive 
❌expensive 
❌can't be repeated 
❌may be allergic to tracer

Question 20

ethics

Answer 20

• Sacks ‘MA’: no consent, no withdraw, no debrief, no privacy (no confidentiality)
• Genie, Courtiss: no consent, no withdrawal, story exposed (no confidientiality), no debriefing, no protection, too close

left in foster home, found at 13

Question 21

principles

Answer 21

1) mental processes can and should be studies scientifically

2) neonatal representation guides behaviour