BIological

Question 1

Brain - structure

Answer 1

2 hemispheres:

1) right: emotion, beliefs and creativity
2) left: language, logic, maths and problem solving

4 lobes: Freud Tore His Pants Off
Frontal: complex thinking 
Temporal: auditory senses 
Parietal: Process of higher senses (pain) 
Occipital: Visual senses 

2 loves in psychology:
Broca area: physical production speech
Wernicke’s area: speech coherency

Question 2

LOF - studies

Answer 2

Broca - Tan: post morgen autopsy, damaged Broca area
Harlow - Phineas Gage: frontal lobe, iron rod
Reine: NGRI and normal people (PET), amigdala and corpus callisum

Question 3

Neurotransmitters - description

Answer 3

1) chemical messages
2) through the central nerve system
3) released from the terminal button of one neuton
4) absorbed by receptors on the post synaptic membrane of the second neuton
5) nerves are the basic building blocks of behaviour
6) neurotransmitters influence: memory, mental illnesses, mood and sexual arousal

Question 4

seratonin - description

Answer 4

regualates:
1) sleep 
2) emotion 
prevents from 
3) depression 
4) aggression 

5) released from the pineal glands
6) absorbed front the MAO
7) low levels are linked to depression

Question 5

Seratonin - study

Answer 5

Kasamatsu and Hirai

followed monks in a pilgrimage
they had no food, no water and couldn’t communicate for 72h
after 48 they had allucinantions
and they found that there had higher level of seratonin
correlation seratonin to the perception of the world which was altered
conclusion: seratonin effects emotions, arousal and sleep

Question 6

Acetylcholine -description

Answer 6

involved with 
1) learning 
2) memory 
found 
3) peripheral nervous system 
4) receptors in brain and body 
the effect on body 
5) increase of muscle contraction 
6) excitement of nerves 
increase in acetylcholine 
7) tremor and convulsion 
8) decrease of heart rate 

decrease of it
9) motion dysfunction

Question 7

acetylcholine - study

Answer 7

Martinez and Kesner

1) trained rats to get through maze
2) inject or block reception of acetylcholine
3) those injected least errors and quicker

Question 8

principles and study:

Answer 8

1) emotion and behaviour are consequences of the physiology and anatomy of the endocrine and nervous system - LOF (Reine)
2) behaviour can be inherited - Bouchard Minnesota MZtwin study, 76% similarities, 70% attributes to inheritance 30% other thing
3) animals can aid research of human behaviour - Martinez and Kesner acetylcholine

Question 9

neuroplasticity

Answer 9

neuroplasticity (n. of synapses) increases in a stimulating environment e.g social interactions and resources and learn if opportunities

Question 10

neuroplasticity - study

Answer 10

1) Rosenzweig, Bennet, Dimond:

rats enriched environment, thicker and heavier cortex

2) Gaser and Shlawg: professional musicians more gray matter

Question 11

mirror neurons

Answer 11

1) key to learning by observing
2) fires when u see somebody
3) in pre-motor cortex and inferior parietal cortex

Question 12

mirror neurons - studies

Answer 12

Iacoboni:
fMRI scans.
showed participants in machine different expressions (first to imitate second to just watch)
part of the brain related with same emotions was activated

Keyser:
fmri scans found that same area activated when odouring something not nice and when seeing somebody expressing disgust

Question 13

hormones

Answer 13

1) chemicals messages
2) execreated in endocrine system
3) secreted in blood
4) sent to cells via impulses
5) stimulate a response

change behaviour

Question 14

adrenaline

Answer 14

1) execreated in the adrenal glands, above the kidney
2) execreated in potentially dangerous events
3) creates the fight or flight response
4) increase adrenaline:
•increase heart rate
•increase pupils dimension
•increase oxygen to blood and brain

Question 15

adrenaline - study

Answer 15

Scatcher and Singer

Question 16

testosterone

Answer 16

1) execreated in testes in males
2) influence aggressiveness and aggression
3) in male regulate:
•depth of voice
•hair growth
•sexual arousal
•body mass

4) female execreted in ovaries 
•increase red blood cell
•increase cell division 
•increase synthesis of amino acid 
•male characteristics

Question 17

testosterone - studies

Answer 17

Berthold: roosters castrated, reimplanted, more aggressive and male (sexual arousal)

Dabbs, 692 prisoners involving violence and sexual crimes, more testosterone

Question 18

genetic inheritance

Answer 18

nature/nuture
genetic inheritance believes that behaviour is heredited

Boucher et al.

Question 19

evolutionary psychology

Answer 19

believes that change in traits over time happen because they are necessary for survival and adaption to environmental changes.

therefore it is believed that many of the traits herirse today were useful for survival

Question 20

disgust - explanation

Answer 20

disgust is believed to be an evolutionary characteristic as it helps compensate the decrease of immune system in pregnant womens

Question 21

disgust studies

Answer 21

Fessler: asked pregnant women’s to rate disgusting scenarios and about morning sickness.

1st trimester: more sensitive and morning sickness was involved with food

Curtis: rate 20 pictures based on disgust. (online survey). 7 involving the harm of immune system: rated more disgusting