BIological Flashcards
Brain - structure
2 hemispheres:
1) right: emotion, beliefs and creativity
2) left: language, logic, maths and problem solving
4 lobes: Freud Tore His Pants Off Frontal: complex thinking Temporal: auditory senses Parietal: Process of higher senses (pain) Occipital: Visual senses
2 loves in psychology:
Broca area: physical production speech
Wernicke’s area: speech coherency
LOF - studies
Broca - Tan: post morgen autopsy, damaged Broca area
Harlow - Phineas Gage: frontal lobe, iron rod
Reine: NGRI and normal people (PET), amigdala and corpus callisum
Neurotransmitters - description
1) chemical messages
2) through the central nerve system
3) released from the terminal button of one neuton
4) absorbed by receptors on the post synaptic membrane of the second neuton
5) nerves are the basic building blocks of behaviour
6) neurotransmitters influence: memory, mental illnesses, mood and sexual arousal
seratonin - description
regualates: 1) sleep 2) emotion prevents from 3) depression 4) aggression
5) released from the pineal glands
6) absorbed front the MAO
7) low levels are linked to depression
Seratonin - study
Kasamatsu and Hirai
followed monks in a pilgrimage
they had no food, no water and couldn’t communicate for 72h
after 48 they had allucinantions
and they found that there had higher level of seratonin
correlation seratonin to the perception of the world which was altered
conclusion: seratonin effects emotions, arousal and sleep
Acetylcholine -description
involved with 1) learning 2) memory found 3) peripheral nervous system 4) receptors in brain and body the effect on body 5) increase of muscle contraction 6) excitement of nerves increase in acetylcholine 7) tremor and convulsion 8) decrease of heart rate
decrease of it
9) motion dysfunction
acetylcholine - study
Martinez and Kesner
1) trained rats to get through maze
2) inject or block reception of acetylcholine
3) those injected least errors and quicker
principles and study:
1) emotion and behaviour are consequences of the physiology and anatomy of the endocrine and nervous system - LOF (Reine)
2) behaviour can be inherited - Bouchard Minnesota MZtwin study, 76% similarities, 70% attributes to inheritance 30% other thing
3) animals can aid research of human behaviour - Martinez and Kesner acetylcholine
neuroplasticity
neuroplasticity (n. of synapses) increases in a stimulating environment e.g social interactions and resources and learn if opportunities
neuroplasticity - study
1) Rosenzweig, Bennet, Dimond:
rats enriched environment, thicker and heavier cortex
2) Gaser and Shlawg: professional musicians more gray matter
mirror neurons
1) key to learning by observing
2) fires when u see somebody
3) in pre-motor cortex and inferior parietal cortex
mirror neurons - studies
Iacoboni:
fMRI scans.
showed participants in machine different expressions (first to imitate second to just watch)
part of the brain related with same emotions was activated
Keyser:
fmri scans found that same area activated when odouring something not nice and when seeing somebody expressing disgust
hormones
1) chemicals messages
2) execreated in endocrine system
3) secreted in blood
4) sent to cells via impulses
5) stimulate a response
change behaviour
adrenaline
1) execreated in the adrenal glands, above the kidney
2) execreated in potentially dangerous events
3) creates the fight or flight response
4) increase adrenaline:
•increase heart rate
•increase pupils dimension
•increase oxygen to blood and brain
adrenaline - study
Scatcher and Singer
testosterone
1) execreated in testes in males
2) influence aggressiveness and aggression
3) in male regulate:
•depth of voice
•hair growth
•sexual arousal
•body mass
4) female execreted in ovaries •increase red blood cell •increase cell division •increase synthesis of amino acid •male characteristics
testosterone - studies
Berthold: roosters castrated, reimplanted, more aggressive and male (sexual arousal)
Dabbs, 692 prisoners involving violence and sexual crimes, more testosterone
genetic inheritance
nature/nuture
genetic inheritance believes that behaviour is heredited
Boucher et al.
evolutionary psychology
believes that change in traits over time happen because they are necessary for survival and adaption to environmental changes.
therefore it is believed that many of the traits herirse today were useful for survival
disgust - explanation
disgust is believed to be an evolutionary characteristic as it helps compensate the decrease of immune system in pregnant womens
disgust studies
Fessler: asked pregnant women’s to rate disgusting scenarios and about morning sickness.
1st trimester: more sensitive and morning sickness was involved with food
Curtis: rate 20 pictures based on disgust. (online survey). 7 involving the harm of immune system: rated more disgusting
