Human Relationship Flashcards
altruism vs pro-social behaviour
ALTRUISM: is pro-social behaviour (volunteering, donating, helping) driven by selfless reasons
PRO-SOCIAL: is pro-social behaviour driven by egoistic reasons (increase self image, decrease of uncomfortable negative feeling)
Levine: cross-cultural study - San Jose, Rio de Janeiro more helpful ; Amsterdam, NY, Kuala Lampur less helpful
Batson: Carol Call, empathetic condition always help; low-empathy help just is she comes back
cross-cultural difference in pro social behaviour
Levine: 23 countries.
Individualistic - more prone to help who is related to them (family). Don’t help strangers
Collectivistic - help in group (in group night just be whom is of your same nationality) - doesn’t help strangers
Frequency: the more we see smdy the more likely we are to help - Cities spread out
Necessity - to compete for resources
Norms of society
altruism theories
Kin Selection - we help in order to ensure the survival of our genes, therefore the more closely related we are to somebody te more likely we are to help them
WILKINSON, MADSEN
empathy-altruism model: 1) we see somebody in need a) we have a negative uncomfortable feeling - we consider cost and benefit - help to alleviate feeling b) we feel empathic - we help regardless BATSON
bystandarism
Diffusion of responsibility - as we are in a group our personal responsibility of helping decrease, therefore we are less likely to help
LATANE AND DARELY - intercom (alone: 85% helped - more than four: 35% helped)
Arousal-cost-reward theory - we consider cost and benefit of helping and cost and benefit of not helping
PILIVION - NY subway (drunk cost higher: disgust and embarrassment)
Pluralistic Ignorance - if we’re in a group and we don’t know whether a situation is an emergency or not, we conform with what everyone else does
LATANE AND DARELY - (alone quicker at helping female on the other side)
Cognitive Origins of Attraction
Similarity - we like who has the same beliefs and attitudes as we do
MERKEY, ARONSON AND COPE, CHEN AND ANDERSON
Social Comparison - if we see a person who is very attractive and then see another one we will judge her as less attractive
KENRICK AND GUTTIERRES - Charlie’s Angels
REWARD THEORY - classical conditioning, operant conditioning, higher order conditioning
LEWIKI: experimenter very nice to participants therefore women similar to her rated more
GAIN-LOSS THEORY: when people change their minds on us we are increasingly attracted to them
ARONSON AND LINDER: participant rated higher the confederate that went from negative to positive
Biological Origin Of Attraction
Buss: we are more attracted to whom give us a higher possibility to allow are genes to be passed on. Women: financial stability. Man: healthy women for childbirth
Social cultural Orignins of Attraction
Proximity - we are more attracted to whom is near us
FESTINNGER- 65% close friends same building, 10% down hall
Familiarity - we are increasingly attracted to whom we are more familiar with
ZAJNOC: the picture seen the most liked the most
MORELAND AND BEACH: research assistant seen the most liked the most
RECIPROCITY: we like who likes us back
DITTES AND KELLY
communication
Knapp and Vangelisti relationship model: 10 stages communication is key e.g Initiation and Circumscribing
Cannary and Stafford model of maintaining relationship: positiviness, openness, task sharing, assurance, social networking
Weigle and Ballard-Reicsh: 3 martial types (141 questionnaires) traditional, separate and independent. Traditional more strategy of maintaining
culture in origin
Maghaddam: individualistic - happiness; collectivistic society - family big say
Levine: 4% u.k. would marry without love, 50% india
Bellur: family say, social networking, love after marriage
culture in maintenance
FIESKE: arranged marriage are more satisfied and last longer (europe 50% divorce)
XIOANTHE AND WHYTE: chinese people love marriage more satisfied
GOUPTA AND SIGH: arranged marriages in india have more love
YELSMA AND ATHAPPILY: india arranged marriage more satisfied
why relationship change
Duck - change as 1) place where you meet, 2) pre-interaction ideas 3) post-interaction reflection
Knapp and Vangelisti: 10 stages - Initiation, Experimenting, Intensifying, Integration, Bonding, Differentiating, Circumscribing, Stagnating, Avoiding, Terminating
why relationship end
Duck- 1) dissatisfaction 2) interphysical 3) communication 4) social phase 5) grave-dressing phase
Lee- 1) dissatisfaction 2) exposure 3)negotiating 4) attempt to solve 5) terminanting
Violence - origin
- Social Identity Theory: Bandura and Huessmann
- Social interaction: Tedeschi and Felson and Fite
- Culture of Honour: Cohen
Violence - Short term
- Chan - menta diseases, school, social
* Barthlow: COD aggressive
Long term
- Saunders: battered women syndrome
* Rhodes: depression and suicide
