Social Cultural Flashcards
Situational vs dispositional
Heider - attribution theory
SITUATIONAL: behaviour changes basses in situations. - HARTSHORNE, May and Shuttleworth
DISPOSITIONAL: behaviour isa influenced by our personal characteristics, traits stable in time and culture - Eipstein
SC principles
1) people influence behaviour
2) our desire to be accepted changes our behaviour
3) culture, social norms, influence or behaviour
4) sense of self depends on the group we are part do
stereotypes formation
1) Social Identity theory: Bandura (social categorisation)
2) Princeton trilogy - Katz and Barley: saimed to research whether there is cultural bias in social stereotypes. princeton students were asked to choose 5 traits that characterised a certain ethnic group from a list of 84. Outgroup = negative, agrreed ‘negors supersticious’
culutre and cultural norms
culture: dynamic system of rules
Kuschel: surface culture (food, clothing etc), deep culture (religion, beliefs)
Hofstede: culture is the software (schemas) influence bahviour
cultural dimensions are behavioural patterns passed down from generation to generation. Passed down through obs. learning from gate keepers (Models as teachers, parents etc).
Emic
concept that highlights the peculiarity of a culture. Research specific behaviours of that culture so researchers studying different cultures try to immedesimate in the culture. Ex: Bartlett when studying the impotanc of cattleìs in Swazi culture, memorised individualte cattle and tried to understand why it is important.
Etic
highlights the possibility of existing behaviours that are cross-cultural
tries to find these ex: obidience to authority
ex: Berry: replicates Asch experiment to see whether conformity was carried out in cultures of Sierra Leone.
Inuits: no as it is more a self-reliant culture
Temne: yes at it is an agriculutral economy, farming need group
cultural dimensions
Hofstede cross-cultural study 104 comparing IBM comapnies
found 6 cultural dimensions:
1) individualism collectivism
2) masculinity vs femininity
3) power distance
4) uncertainity avoidance
5) long term vs short term avoidance
6) conformity
individualism vs collectivism
indicidualism: personal over social, identity defaind by traits and personal characteristics. Autonomy and self-expression encouraged, leading to competitiviness and self-sufficiency. = less likely to conform
collectivism: social over personal, identity defines by group you are part of. Self-expression and autonomy are not econuraged and there is an emphasis on group ahrmony = more likely to conform
individualism vs collectivism - study
Bond and Smith.
aim: research confomity in collectivist societies
Procedure: meta-analysis in 133 different countries using the ash paradigm
results: collectvist societies mroe likely to conform as it promotes positive group relationships and reduces conflict
long term vs short term orientation
long term orientation: promotes delayed gratification. Future oriented dynamic, more open to conflic resolution
short term orientation: wnats immidiate gratification, unilateral resolution.
long terms vs short term resolution orientations studies
Besset
qualtiative research o compare the prception fo conflict in China and Australia
result:
1) Australia policies and procedures guide behaviour, arbitratin and mediation if feels unfair
2) China: want to solve problems, face-saving, want to save interpersonal relations
compliance - definition
change in behaviou and expressed beliefs and attitudes in response to a request by another
compliance - techniques
1) foot-in-the-door: P asks Q a smaller favour then askes Q a bigger favour and as he accepted the first one he is more likely to accept the second one.
Freedman and Fraser: participants called to ask what soap they use, they were then askes to make a whole list of the items in their house and it was found that 33% complied to the the second if step one was done whilist 22% complied if step 1 didn’t happen
2) door-in-he-face: big, small.
Cialdini and the youth offender centre (chouncellor, zoo)
3) low-ball: get to commit to a choice and then change terms
Cialdini, Cacioppo, Basset and Miller (experiment, 7am)
confomity - definition
individual change their ideas and behaviour in order to fit in a larger exisiiting social group
Asch (lines) and Sheriff (dot that moves)
conformity - techniques
1) risky shift: riskier decision when in group.
Wollach short stories with dilemma riskier ing roup
2) SIT: category division accentuated, values opposit to out group, conform to ingroup values
3) SCT: in group discussion you look for ingroup approval and exxaggerate or change your beliefs to make you fit in.
Social Learning Theory
based on existing learning theories:
1) classical conditioning: assosiate to stimuli to create a learnd response
2) operant conditioning: learn new behaviour as you want the behaviour response or you don’t want the punishment
you see models, see the consequences of their action (ont hem and environment), you store in memory and in the future it wil guide your behaviour.
A: attention
R: retention
R: reproduction
M: motiviation
Social Learing theory - study
Bandura and Ross
aim: to investigate whether children which modelt he children would imitate the most
participants: 36 boys and 36 girls. 3 conditions (violent, passive violent and control)
procedure: put ina room, showed model playing with bobodoll, put in another room said that couldn’t play witht it, put in a second room said could play and see how played with bobo doll.
result: aggressive condition more aggressive than other, male copied male, female more violent when model male and mroe verbally violent when model female
Social Identity Theory
person’s consideration fo who they are based on the group they are part of. Leads to an increase of self esteem and sense of belonging. 3 steps processes:
1) categorisation: divide environmentin two group, decrease the variety within the two groups. We understand people and objects based on which group they are part of
2) social identification: we adopt the identity of the group we identify with, our personal identity decreases
3) social comaprison: our group has to be favourably compared to the other one in order to mantain high self esteem - positive distinctiveness
Social Identity Theory - study
Tajifel:
aim: to research when intergroup discriminationa dn intergroup favouritism would occur.
participants: 64 boys divided int o groups randomyl
procedure: 1 boy had to assign points two two other boys members or nto of their group.
results: prefferred to lose points but have a higher difference with the other gorup
attribution errors
1) FAE: when udging other you over emphasise disposition fator than situational. ex: i somebody is rude you’d rather blme it on the fact that they are themselves rude rather than they are haivng a bad day.
Jones and Harris: student read essay on Castro, one group was told they could have decided the argument, another group was told that the argument was assigned: both were blamed on dispositional factors
2) SELF-SERVING BIAS: when judging ourselves we emphasise situation factors on dispositionl factors if behaviour is positive, whilist if it is negative we blame it on situational factors
Jhonson: participants asked to teach two student to count in tens and then 20. they then sit test.
student A sucess in both
student B fail first and sucess second
sucess blamed on skill fo teacher, failure of the lack of ability of the kid
progress on the ability of the teacher
