studies Flashcards
aim of howell
to see if anger management was effective than no treatment in changing behavior of offender
sample of howell
ppt were offenders from prison referrals for anger management programmes. 418 offenders from west and south Australia with mean age of 28 and sentences from 1 month to 26 years. 65% Australian, 19% Aboriginal and 16% other
procedure of howell
- in 418, 14% non-violent crimes and 86% violent crimes with 285 doing a post intervention assessment, 78 with a 2 month follow up and 21 with 6 month follow up.
- control group received no treatment initially, exp group completed self report before and after and read to those with a literacy problem.
- programme had similar content in both states and used a cognitive approach, trained facilitator, treatment manual developed in new Zealand and for 10 sessions of 2 hours.
- 1 intervention ppt and 1 facilitator did checklist of each session to check for integrity which was high.
- 2 correlational officers completed rating aggression for ppt. MOAS assessed on physical, auto, verbal and aggression against property.
- STAXI used for state and trait aggressions and measuring anger expressions. The scale has reliability and validity in prison population.
- Watt anger knowledge and scale is a 35 item questionnaire that measure techniques for anger controlling.
- Novaco anger scale looks at reaction to provocation and intensity of anger and has concurrent validity and reliability.
- STRS is a 11 item scale where ppt chose appropriate responses for anger on a 5 point scale for strongly agree and disagree and administered ta pre treatment phase.
results of howell
- treatment group made better improvements but not statistically different from the control group and cannot be seen as a reliable improvement due to anger management programmes.
- anger management group had better knowledge of anger than the control group.
conclusion of howell
- there were improvements in anger arousal and control from 2 months. There was long term improvements in anger knowledge at 2 and 6 months but can reduce over time. Greater the readiness for anger management the greater the improvements.
aim of Loftus and Palmer
To see if the phrasing of a question would affect estimates of speed, and applying these findings to idea of leading questions in court
procedure for Loftus and Palmer
1) - 45 students were put into group and watched 7 films for 5-30 secs on traffic accidents.
-film taken from the safety council and the Seattle police department.
- questionnaire was completed after every film and and had to give an account of accident and some specific questions. Critical question of the speed of the vehicle.
- 9 ppt were asked how fast the cars were going when they hit each other and equal numbers asked the same question but with he hit replaced with bumped, collided or smashed.
- 4 of 7 films were staged crashes to show what happens to humans here. Speed of the car were known with 1 car at 20 mph and 2 others at 30-40 mph.
2) - 150 ppt were put into various sized groups and watched films of multiple car accidents for 4 secs and then completed a questionnaire that asked to describe the incident. Speed of vehicles asked with hit, collide, smashed and others not asked of the speed.
- week later ppt not shown the film but asked if there was any broken glass when there was none and found ppt to say yes with assumption of smashed.
Results of Loftus and Palmer
1) Mean speed estimate for the verb smashed was the highest and the mean speed estimate for contacted was lowest.
2) Mean estimate speed for smashes was 10.6 mph and for hit was 8 mph and differences were statistically significant
Conclusion of Loftus and Palmer
1) leading questions did affect the witness’s answer
2) Loftus and Palmer proposed 2 kinds of information that go into memory. ! is perception of original event and 2 is external info supplied after the fact
Aim of Carlsson
- They wanted to use psychosis and neurotransmitter functioning to explain schizophrenia
- to produce new anti-psychotic drugs with less side effects using psychosis and neurotransmitter functioning
Aim of Carlsson
- They wanted to use psychosis and neurotransmitter functioning to explain schizophrenia
- to produce new anti-psychotic drugs with less side effects using psychosis and neurotransmitter functioning
conclusion of Carlsson
- glutamate deficiency needs more studying to explain schizophrenia
- glutamate deficiency leads to more responsiveness of dopamine, so excess dopamine present
