student presentations Flashcards
Cardiac causes of afib?
- HTN
- MI
- Mitral valve disease
- Cardiomyopathy
- Endocarditis
Respiratory causes of afib?
- Pneumonia
- Sarcoidosis
- Cancer
Non-cardiac/resp causes of afib?
- Hyperthyroid
- Alcohol
- Infection
- Toxins-steroids, cocaine
who gets breast cancer at an earlier age, those with BRCA 1 or 2?
BRCA 1
Benefits of immediate breast reconstruction?
- one surgery
- maintain landmarks
Benefits of delayed breast reconstruction?
- assurance of clear margins
- completion of adjuvant therapy
what are the types of autologous breast reconstruction?
- free flap
- pedicle
what is the free flap breast reconstruction consist of?
skin/fat and deep inferior epigastric arteries moved to breast and connceted to internal mammary
what is the pedicle flap procedure?
lattismus dorsi connected to thoracodorsal artery
where is a central venous catheter inserted?
through a large vein (internal jugular, subclavian, right atrium)
placement related central venous catheter complications?
- pneumothorax
- venous air embolism
- arterial injury
- arythmia
catheter related central venous catheter complications?
- infection
- central venous obstruction
- venous thrombosis
- catheter malfunction - kinking
which type of breast lump fluctuates with hormonal changes
fibroadenomas
what are fibroadenomas made of?
stromal and epithelial tissue
which gets larger, fibroadenomas or phyllodes tumor?
phylodes
investigations for compartment syndrome?
usually clinical but compartment pressure > 40 mmHg
complications of compartment syndrome?
necrosis, nerve injury, myoglobinuria, renal injury, amputation
what are the compartments of the lower leg?
- anterior compartment
- superficial posterior
- deep posterior
- lateral
treatment of compartment syndrome?
surgical fasciotomy
intraoperative complications of carotid endarterectomy?
Hemorhage
CN X, XII injury
Anesthetic risks
Early post op complications of carotid endartercomy?
- Pain
- Wound hemotoma
- Seroma
- Infection
- Stroke
- MI
Late post op complication of carotid endarterectomy?
- blood clots
- scarring
- reccurrent stenosis
inheritance of familial hypocalciuric hypocalcemia?
autosomal dominant
path of familial hypocalciuric hypocalcemia?
inactivating mutation of calcium sensing receptor gene causing inappropriate secretion of PTH
treatment of familial hypocalciuric hypocalcemia?
treat with cinacalcet - sensitizes receptor to calcium -> lowers PTH
what cells drive gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST)?
interstitial cells of cajal
most common site of a GIST
stomach, then small intestine, then colon
are there genes associated with GIST?
yes - KIT, PDGFRA
Imaging Ix for a GIST?
Endoscopy + biopsy, CT abdomen
management of GIST?
small <2 cm - endoscopic removal
large > 2 cm - surgical excision +- neoadjuvant imatinib
-tyrosine kinase inhibitors prevent regrowth
tender hepatomegaly causes?
- acute hepatitis
- impaired venous outflow
non-tender hepatomegaly causes?
- PBC, PBS
- non alcohol related fatty liver disease
- glycogen storage disorders
- a1at deficiency
- hemochromatosis
- tumours
what is fecal calprotectin?
-neutrophil granulocyte cystosol protein
marker or neutrophil activity/inflammation
what investigation tests for fecal calprotectin?
-ELISA on stool
what is the use of fecal calprotectin?
to screen for IBD
will fecal calprotectin be positive with IBS?
no - just IBD
primary amputation
no limb salvage attempted
secondary amputation
amputation following failed revascularization
traumatic amputation
limb loss in field at time of injury
complications following amputation?
- DVT
- stump hematoma
- stump neuroma
- infection, need for reamputation
- phantom limb pain
- contractures
which is therapeutic- MRCP or ERCP?
ERCP
complications of ERCP?
acute pancreatitis, perforation
eliquis AKA
apixaban
reversal agent for apixaban
andexanet alpha
dabigatran MOA
direct thrombin inhibitor
can you use noacs in pateints with metallic valves?
no
causes of ileus?
- abdominal or pelvic surgery
- infection or inflammation
- electrolyte imbalance
- vascular or neural impairment
- medication
management of ileus?
- bowel rest (NPO)
- mobilisation
- NG tube insertion
- TPN
