Stuart Britain - Population Flashcards
Rise and Fall
England - 5m 1348, 1.5m 1450s, rises 1% pa to reach 4m 1600
4.8m 1625, 0.5% pa growth 1630s, high point 1650s 5.2m
Fall to 4.9m 1680, remains until 1688 then increases
Rise and Fall: Scotland and Ireland
Scotland - remained at over 1m in this period
Ireland - Population doubles from 1m 1600 to 2m 1688
Urban Growth: Overall in England
Number of people in towns over 10,000: 255,000 (5.8% pop) 1600, to 718,000 (13.3%) 1700
Urban Growth: London
London from 200,000 1600 to 400,000 1660, to 575,000 1700 (11.5% of total pop)
London x10 bigger than next largest towns Norwich and Bristol 1600, then 1650 larger than next 50 town put together
Urban Growth: Growth of other towns
1600 8 towns > 5000, 1700 30
Growing industries = pop up, Newcastle 12,000 to 16,000 1600-1700
Smaller market towns did not grow - little to offer migrants, 600-750 such towns, only 100 pop > 2000
Urban Growth: Scotland and Ireland
Edinburgh 10,000 2600 to 40,000 1700 - proportion of people living in towns > 10,000 3% to 5%
Ireland = 1600 no towns over 10,000, Dublin grew to 20,000 1650 and 50,000 1700, over 5% living in towns over 10,000
Price Revolution - Malthusian Crisis
If resources are avaliable, pop will grow until it exceeds the resources it has access to, when a crisis like famine or disease takes place as a reversal to growth
Price Revolution - Inflation
Rapid rise in pop 15C to 1650, so higher food prices
Wages rise less quickly as large labour base
Price inflation 1600-50 4% pa, wages only 2% pa
Price Revolution - Harvest failures and disease
Famine and spikes in mortality rates and margin betwen potential supply and demand was thin
Price Revolution Ends
1650 pop growth and price rev ends, reversal of population growth = faster expansion in production able to meet demand - prices stagnate
Fall in labour pool, so towns compete and wages rise
Price Revolution - Not a simple Malthusian model
Simple Mathusian model predict more resources results in growing population but period of fastest growth occurred when there was a fall in pop
Mortality Rates - Overview
Expectancy at birth falls from 36.4 1600 to 33.9 1700
25-30% of those born did nto reach age 10, increased in late 17C
Mortality Rates - Economic Growth
Trade speeds distribution of disease
New opportunities in towns results in Internal migration and so contraction of disease - net migratiion into London mid 17C 6000 a year, but city only grew 3300 a year as thee were over 2500 more deaths a year than births
Mortality Rates - Harvest Failure and famine
Famines in 1596-8, 1622-4 highly significant - but later on less so due to improvement in agriculture
Social dislocation as people search for food (particularly in towns) - so contract disease
Higher food prices reduced amount spent on other goods cutting demand for employment, ie more migration etc
Mortality Rates - Disease
1580-1650 Plague 15% of all deaths in London
Last major outbreak 70,000 in London Great Plague 1665
Growing impact of other diseases ie Typhus, smallpox, influenze etc - outbreaks in 1657-8, 1665-6, 1680-1
Mortality Rates - The Poor Laws
Poor relief system = poorest avoid starvation, but as system developed in towns quicker, internal migration and disease
Mortality Rates - Climate Change
Little Ice Age - cloder winters and more variable summers - greater diffusion of bacteria causing dysentry and typhiod
Mortality Rates - Civil War
180,000 died 3.6% of pop
Mortality Rates - Scotland and Ireland
Both countries more vulnerable to famine, and starvation, lower productivity, less developing trade etc.
Civil War greater impact in Scotland with 80,000/1m pop dying, Ireland 200,000/2m pop
Fertility Rates - Nuptiality
Avg age of marriage rises - 1600 26 men, 24 women, 1650 28 men, 26 women
Late 16C only 5% not married by mid 40s, early 17C, 22% celibate until their mid 40s
Fertility Rates - Economic Growth
Rich able to marry young as resources avaliable (3/5 of arisocratic women married as teens) - others not able to - so late marriages result in smaller households of 4.75 outside of the elites
Price Rev and decreasing wages in early 1600s lag in terms of longer time taken before indepence to marry
Fertility Rates - Agricultural Specialisation
Specialisation leads to imbalance in sex ratio with men moving to SE for arable farming - reduces overal chances of marriage in both places
Real wages rise for farmers etc - look for live in servants, delaying marriages amongst young domestic workers
Fertility Rates - Mortality Rates and Poor Relief
Death means younger members of family gain resources to marry - pop bounces back from decreases
Poor relief = more couples risk setting up homes with safety net if things got tough
Fertility Rates - Scotland and Ireland
More diff eco situation in Scotland made it harder to have confidence in marriage
Ireland - More land available, so people married younger 22-23 - more rapid and sustained pop growth
Migration - Immigration
Eco migration - Dutch weavers settle in Norwich, make up 35% of pop - Eng migrants then came to these towns to learn their trade
Religious migration - French Hugeuenots flee persecution in Eng, following Edict of Nantes 1685 particularly - 50,000 tot
Migration - Emigration
500,000 left in 17C
20,000 Puritans to New Eng
180,000 to Ireland to acquire work on land, 190,000 to W Indies, 116,000 to Chesapeake Bay - some indentured servants who gained passage in return for labour
Over 6% of male pop over 15 left - 500,000 1633-99 - marriage chances down
Migration - Scotland and Ireland
Scotland - Ulster most important destination with 100,000, 6000 to New World, many left for 30 Years’ War and never returned
Ireland - Scottish and English arrivals = better agric techniques, 10,000 emigrate to New World and West Indies
