Stuart Britain - 1642-46 The First Civil War Flashcards
Key Men
Royalists - C1, Earl of Newcastle, Rupert and Maurice, Hopton
Parl - Pym political leader until his death 1643, military leader Fairfax
2 parl groups - war party - total victory led by OC
Peace party - want to negotiate before victory - led by Manchester and Essex
Failure of Royalists 1642-3: Limited Success
1642 - experienced Rupert and Maurice of Nassau causes early victories - N Earl of Newcastle, SW Hopton, W rupert/maurice
Stalemate at Edgehill Oct 1642 opened road to London - prevented by London Trained Bands and winter
Failure of Royalists 1642-3: 3 pronged attack
Led to military stalemate - 1643
Fail to march on London - Parl held Hull in N, Plymouth SW and Gloucester W - royalists could not advance without being exposed from behind
Parl strike back East Anglia - Eastern Association of Manchester and OC relieve Hull, royalists defeated in Newbury, and Gloucester relieved by Essex
The Turning Tide 1643-4: Financial Reforms
Pym built up an effective tax system in 1643 with a wider tax base, by seizing royalist property in parl areas, by using compulsory loans and a new excise tax
The Turning Tide 1643-4: Foreign and Religous Policy
Solemn League and Covenant with Scots Sep 1643
Scots sent covenanters army to aid parl, England to be presbyterian - unpop as few MP’s wanted full presbyterianism
Immediate divisions avoided with Assembly of Divines to discuss and delay a judgement
The Turning Tide 1643-4: The Religous Assembly
Assembly of Divines Dec 1643 - Radicals appearing calling or rejection of any national establishment, some wanted full religous toleration, most want some presbyterianism - judgement Directory of Worship 1646 is a comprimise and was never fully implemented
The Turning Tide 1643-4: Military Success for parl
Parl uses resources in S and E and Scots
Scots, Fairfax, Eastern Association defeat Rupert and Newcastle at Marston Moor July 1644 - York captured
Parl with Essex relieve Plymouth but are surrounded by Hopton in Cornwall (6000 surrender, only 600 make it)
The Victory of Parliment 1645-6: Parl overhaul
Peace and war parties dispute
War party concerned parl commanders Essex and Manchester were noble so more cautious because of their social/political position
OC critised the defensive, Manchester accused OC of Radicalism
The Victory of Parliment 1645-6: A solution to Parl divisions
Self-Denying Ordinance Apr 1645 - any HofC/HofL give up military command - seperation of military and political allows failure commanders to not loose face
The Victory of Parliment 1645-6: NMA
Developed fom Jan 45, takes shape Apr
22,000 men, 6000 cavalry led by Fairfax (no political role)
OC kept on (even tho MP) as no replacement
Relgious radicals had discipline and commitment (fighting for God) - better training, pay etc
The Victory of Parliment 1645-6: Naseby
Decisive victory for Parl June 45
C1 correspondence discovered - attempted to get help from pope and Irish catholics - hatred and propoganda disaster
The Victory of Parliment 1645-6: Mopping up the Remnants
June - defeat of Goring in Somerset
Sep Rupert surrenders in Bristol
Dec Royalists back into Wales
46 NMA take Devon/Cornwall
The Victory of Parliment 1645-6: Clubmen
Local residents who opposed all military activity - srongest in W where royalists were based - fought for themselves
Helped Fairfax to defeat Goring in Somerset
The Victory of Parliment 1645-6: The End
Apr 1646 - C1 surrenders to Scots (NOT ENGLISH) in Nottinghamshire
