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STS Flashcards

UWU

1
Q

Latin for “scientio”- to know

A

Science

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2
Q

is a statement about what you accept as “sufficiently real” to allow you to take action upon and thereby your life

A

Knowledge

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3
Q

2 types of knowledge

A

1.) Belief knowledge
2.) Research knowledge

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4
Q

knowledge about the world is inherent and unique in each human being. Attained by individual revelation

A

Belief knowledge

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5
Q

Gathering of knowledge is universal. Based on the protocol to allow one to select between an alternative observation or hypothesis

A

Research Knowledge

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6
Q

Research knowledge requires? the ff.

A
  • All observations be repeatable
  • More than one and different observers
  • All hypothesis be falsifiable
  • Involves natural phenomena
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7
Q

Statement of an Observation

A

LAW

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8
Q

Explanation of an observation, can still be disproved

A

THEORY

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9
Q

THE GOAL OF SCIENCE

A

Understanding:
- Phenomena: things that happen in the world
- Predict summaries and conclusions
- Identify relationships and characteristics
- Derive knowledge and facts

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10
Q

Is a researched knowledge

A

FACT

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11
Q

Spirit of the individual

A

Belief Knowledge

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12
Q

Methodology of observation and testing that allows one to choose one fact over the other

A

Research Knowledge

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13
Q

Hallmark of GOOD SCIENCE

A

Doubt

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14
Q

-Eliminates as many variables as possible
-Studies the material universe
-This understanding changes overtime
-Has paradigms

A

GOOD SCIENCE

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15
Q

The period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.

A

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

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16
Q

The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to reflect, rethink, reexamine their beliefs and their way of life.

A

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

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17
Q

It led to the creation of new research fields in science and prompted the establishment of strong ideas in modern science

A

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

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18
Q

Origin of the idea of the sun as the centerpiece of the universe, and the 2 planetary motions

A

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

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19
Q

What are the 2 planetary motions

A
  • The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of Earth, thus closer to Sun
  • The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus farther from the Sun.
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20
Q
  • THEORY OF EVOLUTION
  • The Origin of Species (1589)
  • The Descent of Man
A

CHARLES DARWIN

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21
Q

evidence on species evolved over time and presented traits and adaptation that differentiate species.

A

The ORIGIN OF SPECIES (1859)

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22
Q

Book of Charles Darwin in which he introduced the idea of of all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking

A

The DESCENT OF MAN

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23
Q
  • A famous figure in the field of psychology
  • Made a significant contribution through the development of an important observational method known as the method of psychoanalysis.
A

SIGMUND FREUD

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24
Q

According to Weiner (2016), his method of psychoanalysis was proven to be effective in understanding some neurological conditions that were not understood by medicine at that time.

A

Sigmund Freud

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25
Q

FREUD’S method was unorthodox focusing on ___________ and the ____________ of man.

A

HUMAN SEXUALITY, EVIL NATURE

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26
Q
  • They incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and other religious structures.
  • They were also skilled in mathematics and created a number system based on the number 20.
A

MAYA CIVILIZATION

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27
Q

is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2000 years

A

MAYA CIVILIZATION

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28
Q
  • They are known for their knowledge of predicting eclipses and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.
  • They are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar systems.
A

MAYA CIVILIZATION

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29
Q
  • They developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machinery and tools.
  • They built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints from a mineral called mica.
A

MAYA CIVILIZATION

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30
Q

Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints from a mineral called _________

A

MICA

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31
Q
  • They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products 300 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
  • They independently developed the concept of zero and positional value, even before the Romans did
A

MAYA CIVILIZATION

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32
Q

Mayans are of the world’s first civilizations to use a writing system know as the ________________

A

Mayan Hieroglyphics

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33
Q
  • Roads paved with stones.
  • Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters
A

INCA CIVILIZATION

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34
Q
  • Created a calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season
  • Created a system of knotted ropes to keep record that only experts can interpret
A

INCA CIVILIZITATION

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35
Q

The first Suspension bridge made by the Inca

A

QUIPU

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36
Q
  • Mandatory education
  • Chocolates (Xocolatl)
  • Antispasmodic medication
  • Chinampa (agriculture)
  • Invention of Canoe
A

AZTEC CIVILIZATION

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37
Q

a type of medication used by the Aztec to prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which can help during surgery

A

Antispasmodic Medication

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38
Q

A form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.

A

CHINAMPA

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39
Q

This enabled the Aztec to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season.

A

Aztec Calendar

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40
Q

A light narrow boat built by the Aztec used for travelling in water systems

A

CANOE

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41
Q

The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made them as a part of their ________________________

A

tribute to their gods.

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42
Q

Produced iron steel considered the best in the Roman Empire

A

INDIA

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43
Q
  • They discovered some medicinal properties of plants that led them to develop medicines to cure various illnesses.
  • Developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each
A

INDIA

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44
Q

The Indian traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC. (Alternative Medicine)

A

Ayurveda

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45
Q

describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India

A

Susruta Samhita

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46
Q

Indians attempt in standardizing the measurement of length to high degree of accuracy

A

MOHENJODARO Ruler

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47
Q

Indian astronomer and mathematician who introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra.

A

Aryabhata (476- 550)

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48
Q

Book of Aryabhata in which he introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra.

A

Aryabhatiya

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49
Q

Indian who suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit.

A

Brahmagupta

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50
Q

Considered the founder of mathematical analysis

A

Madhava of Sangamagrama

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51
Q

Used traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences and discovery of the its people, also used lunar calendars

A

CHINA

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52
Q

Other famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese Civilization

A
  • Compass
  • Paper Making
  • Gunpowder
  • Printing tools
  • Iron Plough
  • Wheelbarrow
  • Propeller
  • Seismological Detector
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53
Q

According to Zhongguo ke xue yuan (1983) what was an another invention of the Chinese civilization

A

Design of different models of Bridges

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54
Q

According to Needham et al. (1971) what was an another invention of the Chinese civilization

A

Dry dock Facility

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55
Q
  • Made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets, which were carefully recorded and preserved to understand better the heavenly bodies and their effects to our world (Mayall, 1939)
  • They observed the heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily activities
A

CHINA

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56
Q
  • Placed greater value on science experiments than plain- thought experiments.
  • Introduction of decimal point notation
A

MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

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57
Q

Period of Muslim Scholarship, or Golden Age of Islam

A

7th and 8th century, until the 13th century

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58
Q

A Muslim scientist who is also regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.

A

Ibn al-Haytham

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59
Q

The word Algebra is derived from

A

AL- JABR

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60
Q

Mathematician who gave his name to the concept of the algorithm

A

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

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61
Q

Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation

A

MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

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62
Q

According to Derewenda (2007) & Warren (2005) Some scholars considered ___________________ to be the “Father of Chemistry”

A

Jābir ibn Hayyān

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63
Q

According to Jacquart (2008) __________ pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials

A

Ibn Sina

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64
Q

Ibn Sina’s two most notable works in medicine

A
  • The Book of Healing
  • The Canon of Medicine ( which was used as a standard medicinal text in both Muslim world and in Europe during the 17th Century)
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65
Q
  • Three types of calendars lunar, solar, stellar calendars, or a combination of the 3.
  • Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in this continent
A

AFRICA

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66
Q

Civilization blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also emerged in this part of the planet long before the Europeans colonized it.

A

AFRICA

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67
Q

A tool in originating from Africa for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation, also used as a six month lunar calendar

A

LEBOMBO BONE

68
Q

Oldest mathematical artifact dated from 35,00 BCE

A

Lebombo Bone

69
Q
  • Four fundamental mathematical operations and other math skills
  • Pharmacology
A

EGYPT

70
Q
  • The great structures of the pyramids and the early dams built to divert water from the Nile River are some proofs of their advanced civilization.
  • They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and applied important components such as examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the treatment of diseases.
A

EGYPT

71
Q

known as the center of Alchemy

A

EGYPT

72
Q

Medieval forerunner of Chemistry

A

Alchemy

73
Q
  • Filipino Pediatrician
  • Founder of the first pediatric hospital in the
    Philippines
  • Noted for her pioneering work on the infectious
    diseases in Philippine communities
  • In 1950s, she pursued studies on dengue fever
  • Textbook of Pediatrics
  • In 1980, she was conferred the rank and title of
    National Scientist of the Philippines, and in 2010,
    she was conferred the Order of Lakandula.
A

Fe Villanueva Del Mundo

74
Q
  • Filipino Biologist
  • author of taxonomic and morphological
    papers, many of which deal with orchids,
    including ‘Medicinal Plants of the Philippines’
A

Eduardo A. Quisumbing

75
Q

The orchid species named in honor of Eduardo A. Quisumbing

A

Saccolabium Quisumbingii

76
Q
  • “Father of Kappaphycus farming”
  • His research focuses on seaweeds
    including studies on the culture of
    Eucheuma denticulatum, Kappaphycus
    alvarezii, Gracilaria spp., Caulerpa
    lentilifera, and Halymenia durvillei for
    coastal communities.
  • He wrote an academic paper reporting
    the occurrence of ice-ice disease that
    had affected seaweed farms.
A

Gavino C. Trono Jr.

77
Q
  • a Filipino technologist, pharmaceutical chemist,
    humanitarian and war heroine
  • With her knowledge of local food properties, she
    also made contributions in the culinary realm and
    taught proper preservation methods for native dishes
    such as adobo, dinuguan, kilawin and escabeche.
A

Maria Orosa y Ylagan

78
Q

Food Products made by Maria Ylagan

A
  • Calamansi Nip
  • Banana Ketchup
  • Soyalac
  • Darak
79
Q

A protein-rich powdered soybean product

A

Soyalac

80
Q

a bran powder rich in thiamine and other vitamins which could also treat beriberi

A

Darak

81
Q
  • National Scientist of the Philippines (2014)
  • His work has led to the discovery of 50 new
    species of reptiles and amphibians.
  • He built the Philippines’ first artificial reef.
A

Angel C. Alcala

82
Q
  • On the island of Sumilon, he established the
    country’s first marine sanctuary.
  • He has also worked to protect the lives of giant
    clams in the Philippines.
A

Angel C. Alcala

83
Q
  • a Filipino inventor and horticulturist best known
    for inventing a way to induce more flowers in
    mango trees using ethrel (ethephon) and
    potassium nitrate.
  • National Scientist of the Philippines (2014)
A

Ramon Cabanos Barba

84
Q
  • His many research breakthroughs include banana
    micropropagation and tissue culture of sugarcane
    and tissue culture of calamansi, all of which have
    lasting impacts on the respective agribusiness
    potentials of these commodities.
A

Ramon Cabanos Barba

85
Q
  • founder and Chairperson of Philippine Solar and
    Storage Energy Alliance, CEO and President of
    SunAsia Energy Inc. and a former Undersecretary
    of the Department of Agriculture.
  • a pioneer of solar energy in the Philippines.
  • She led the USAID funded rural electrification
    program for remote areas in Mindanao and
    contributed in shaping the Renewable Energy
    Law of 2008, the Feed-in Tariff Rules of 2012 and
    the Net Metering Rules of 2013.
A

Maria Theresa “Tetchi” Cruz Capellan

86
Q
  • a Filipino biologist
  • National Scientist of the Philippines (2014)
  • He led the world’s first national-scale
    assessment of damage to coral reefs leading to
    international conservation initiatives such as the
    replanting of corals.
  • pioneered giant clam breeding stationed in Bolinao and other protected areas
  • In 2007, he pioneered the study on ocean
    acidification caused by increased levels of
    absorbed carbon dioxide in the ocean.
A

Edgardo Dizon Gomez

87
Q

The giant clam species that was the subject to pioneered breeding by Edgardo Dizon Gomez

A

Tridacna Gigas

88
Q
  • a Filipino geologist
  • He was awarded the Plinius Medal by the European
    Geosciences Union on April 15, 2015, in Vienna, Austria,
    for his “outstanding interdisciplinary natural-hazard
    research and natural-disaster engagement in the
    Philippines, particularly with respect to volcanic hazards,
    earthquakes, typhoons, landslides and floods.” He is the
    first Asian to receive the award.
  • He is executive director of Project NOAH (Nationwide
    Operational Assessment of Hazards) and a professor at
    the National Institute of Geological Sciences of the
    University of the Philippines Diliman.
A

Alfredo Mahar Francisco Amante Lagmay

89
Q
  • a Filipina inventor and entrepreneur
  • co-founded the Sustainable Alternative
    Lighting (SALt), a social movement that aims to
    provide alternative lighting solutions.
  • invented a lamp that uses salt and water to
    chemically create light
  • Compared with the kerosene lamp, the SALt
    lamp is a lot safer since it does not have
    components or compounds that may spark
    fire. Moreover, it does not emit toxic gases and
    leaves a minimal carbon footprint.
A

Aisa Mijeno

90
Q

In the 1500s and 1600s
the ________________ changed the way
Europeans looked at the
world.

A

Scientific Revolution

91
Q

People began to make
conclusions based on
_________________ and
____________, instead of
merely accepting traditional
ideas.

A

experimentation, observation

92
Q

Taught that the Earth was the center of the universe

A

PTOLEMY

93
Q

The theory of Ptolemy that gained the support of the Church

A

Geocentric theory

94
Q

Geocentric Model of the solar system

A
  1. Earth
  2. Moon
  3. Mercury
  4. Venus
  5. Sun
  6. Mars
  7. Jupiter
  8. Saturn
  9. Neptune
95
Q

Sun is the center of the universe

A

HELIOCENTRIC THEORY

96
Q

Copernicus was a __________________________ who studied in Italy.

A

Polish astronomer

97
Q

what was the Book Copernicus published in 1543

A

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

98
Q

Two conclusions drawn out on the book “On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres”.

A
  1. The universe is heliocentric,
    or sun-centered.
  2. The Earth is merely one of
    several planets revolving
    around the sun.
99
Q

Copernicus Model of the solar system

A
  1. Sun
  2. Moon
  3. Mercury
  4. Venus
  5. Earth
  6. Mars
  7. Jupiter
  8. Saturn
  9. Neptune
100
Q

What did Copernicus used to draw this conclusions?

A

Mathematical Formulas

101
Q

This marked the start of modern science and astronomy.

A

The Copernican Conception of the Universe

102
Q

The person who’s idea and model of the universe placed the
Sun to be the centerpiece of the universe.

A

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

103
Q

Historical Figures in the Copernican Revolution

A

> Ptolemy
Copernicus
Galileo
Kepler
Newton

104
Q

Who stated that the geocentric model, that the Earth is at rest at the center of the Universe.

A

Ptolemy

105
Q

published the heliocentric model.

A

Copernicus

106
Q

his observations by telescope verified the heliocentric model.

A

Galileo

107
Q

deduced empirical laws of planetary motion from Tycho’s observations of planetary positions.

A

Kepler

108
Q

developed the full theory of planetary orbits.

A

Newton

109
Q

Most scholars _______________
the Copernican Heliocentric theory because it went against
Ptolemy, the Church, and
because it called for the Earth
to rotate on its axis.

A

rejected

110
Q

Danish astronomer who provided evidence that supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory.

A

Tycho Brahe

111
Q

*Every night for years Brahe
carefully observed the sky,
accumulating data about
the movement of the ___________________

A

stars and planets.

112
Q

Brahe set up an _____________________ to observe the night sky

A

astronomical observatory

113
Q

The assistant of Tycho Brahe, a German
astronomer and mathematician who used Brahe’s data and calculated the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun.

A

Johannes Kepler

114
Q

The Italian astronomer who built upon
the scientific foundations laid
by Copernicus and Kepler.

A

Galileo Galilei

115
Q

Galileo assembled the _____________________________ which allowed him to see mountains on
the moon and fiery spots on the sun.

A

First Telescope

116
Q

Galileo also observed ________ moons rotating around _______ – exactly the way Copernicus said the Earth rotated
around the sun.

A

4, Jupiter

117
Q

Galileo also discovered that objects
fall at the same ______ regardless of
_________

A

speed, weight

118
Q

Galileo’s discoveries caused
an uproar. Galileo was
_________________ Ptolemy.

A

contradicting

119
Q

The Church came against Galileo
because it claimed that the Earth was
__________________________

A

fixed and unmoving.

120
Q

When threatened with death before
the Inquisition in ______, Galileo
_________ his beliefs, even though he
knew the Earth moved.

A

1633, recanted

121
Q

Galileo was put under ___________,
and was not allowed to _________ his ideas.

A

house arrest, publish

122
Q

painstaking method used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis

A

Scientific Method

123
Q

Time period the Scientific Method emerged

A

Early 1600s

124
Q

Scientists observed nature, made ______________ or educated guess, and then tested these hypotheses through ________________.

A

Hypotheses, Experiments

125
Q

Unlike earlier approaches, the scientific method did not rely on the classical thinkers or the Church, but depended upon a step-by-step process of _________________________________.

A

observation and experimentation

126
Q

Steps of Scientific Method

A
  1. State the Problem
  2. Collect Information
  3. Form a hypotheses
  4. Test the hypotheses
  5. Record & Analyze data
  6. State a conclusion
  7. Repeat steps 1-6
127
Q

Scientists soon discovered that the movements of bodies in nature closely followed what could be
predicted by _______________

A

Mathematics

128
Q

The scientific method set Europe on the road to ________________________________

A

rapid technological progress.

129
Q

The English scholar who built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo

A

Sir Isaac Newton

130
Q

The most influential scientist in the Scientific Revolution

A

Isaac Newton

131
Q

Newton used math to prove the
existence of ___________ - a force that
kept planets in their orbits around
the sun, and also caused objects
to fall towards the earth.

A

gravity

132
Q

Newton published his scientific ideas in his book ___________________________________

A

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

133
Q

Newton discovered the laws of ___________________, and formulated the laws of _____________

A

Light and Color, Motion

134
Q

The Laws of Motion

A
  1. A body at rest stays at rest
  2. Acceleration is caused by force
  3. For every action there is an equal opposite reaction
135
Q

Newton Invented _______________; a method of mathematical analysis

A

Calculus

136
Q

an English philosopher who wrote Advancement of Learning

A

Francis Bacon

137
Q

Bacon popularized the scientific method and used it with _____________________________

A

Philosophy and Knowledge

138
Q

Bacon argued that truth could not be known at the beginning of a question, but only at the end after a long process of ________________________

A

Investigation

139
Q

a French scientist, mathematician, and philospher that emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding

A

Rene Descartes

140
Q

Descartes emphasized ________________________ as the best road to understanding

A

human reasoning

141
Q

He distinguished the difference between individual elements and chemical compounds

A

Robert Boyle

142
Q

Boyle also explained the effect of _________________________________________ on gases

A

Temperature and Pressure

143
Q

Published the book “On the structure of the Human Body” in 1543

A

Andreas Vesalius

144
Q

Vesalius’ book was the first accurate and detailed book on _________________

A

Human Anatomy

145
Q

The English Scholar who described the circulation of blood for the first time

A

William Harvey

146
Q

French physician who developed a new and more effective ointment for preventing infection

A

Ambroise Pare

147
Q

Pare also developed a technique for closing __________________________

A

Wounds and stitches

148
Q

A Dutch inventor who perfected the microscope and became the first human to see cells and microorganisms

A

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

149
Q

is essential in Nation Building

A

Science and Technology

150
Q

Scientific knowledge and technological advancement are needed to ________________________ such as climate change, natural disasters and epidemics. Also they are needed to __________________________________ leading to economic growth

A

Address problems and concerns, increase industrial productivity

151
Q

Why is Science and Technology Important?

A

 Increase agricultural productivity.
 Conserve and protect the environment.
 Produce quality goods.
 Secure peace, order and stability
 Manage natural disasters.
 Generate jobs for workers.
 Increase economic productivity.
 Develop good infrastructure.
 Efficiently deliver social services
 Ensure quality Healthcare

152
Q

stated that Science and Technology are essential for national development and progress

A

Section 10, Article 14 of 1987 Philippine Constitution

153
Q

Mandated an increase use of scientific and technological breakthroughs

A

Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022

154
Q

The main government agency for science and technology in the Philippines

A

Department of Science and Technology

155
Q

The program that aims to encourage Filipino Scientists or Scientists of Filipino Descent to return to the Philippines and conduct research or scientific undertakings

A

Balik Scientist Program

156
Q

The law that will provide incentives and assistance to returning Filipino experts, scientists, inventors, and engineers

A

RA No. 11035, Balik Scientist Act

157
Q

The program that is important in maintaning a critical number Filipino, experts, scientists, inventors, and engineers that will serve the country

A

Balik Scientist Program

158
Q

One of the Balik Scientist who is a Senior Scientist in USA’s NASA

A

Dr. Josefino C.Comiso

159
Q

Decree that established the National Academy of Science and Technology, and the establishment of the ORDER OF THE NATIONAL SCIENTIST

A

Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1003-A, s. 1976)

160
Q

The highest honor that is being bestowed by the President of the Philippines to a Filipino man or woman of science in the Philippines who has made significant contributions in on e of the different fields of science and technology.

A

ORDER OF THE NATIONAL SCIENTISTS

161
Q

Through this program, the government funds scientific and technological undertakings to promote development in the country

A

Grants-In-Aid Program

162
Q

The institute that conducts research on the safe use of nuclear energy for medical, agricultural, environmental and industrial purposes.

A

Philippine Nuclear Research Institute

163
Q

Aims to cultivate a culture of preparedness to decrease risks of casualties during natural disasters

A

Project NOAH

164
Q

Aims to develop our Science and Technology manpower through scholarships, trainings, and research collaborations with top universities and institutions in California, USA

A

PCARI Project

165
Q

DOST Scholarship Program is mandated under?

A

RA 7687, S & T Act of 1994

1D (9 decks)

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