STS Flashcards
UWU
1
Q
Latin for “scientio”- to know
A
Science
2
Q
is a statement about what you accept as “sufficiently real” to allow you to take action upon and thereby your life
A
Knowledge
3
Q
2 types of knowledge
A
1.) Belief knowledge
2.) Research knowledge
4
Q
knowledge about the world is inherent and unique in each human being. Attained by individual revelation
A
Belief knowledge
5
Q
Gathering of knowledge is universal. Based on the protocol to allow one to select between an alternative observation or hypothesis
A
Research Knowledge
6
Q
Research knowledge requires? the ff.
A
- All observations be repeatable
- More than one and different observers
- All hypothesis be falsifiable
- Involves natural phenomena
7
Q
Statement of an Observation
A
LAW
8
Q
Explanation of an observation, can still be disproved
A
THEORY
9
Q
THE GOAL OF SCIENCE
A
Understanding:
- Phenomena: things that happen in the world
- Predict summaries and conclusions
- Identify relationships and characteristics
- Derive knowledge and facts
10
Q
Is a researched knowledge
A
FACT
11
Q
Spirit of the individual
A
Belief Knowledge
12
Q
Methodology of observation and testing that allows one to choose one fact over the other
A
Research Knowledge
13
Q
Hallmark of GOOD SCIENCE
A
Doubt
14
Q
-Eliminates as many variables as possible
-Studies the material universe
-This understanding changes overtime
-Has paradigms
A
GOOD SCIENCE
15
Q
The period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
A
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
16
Q
The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to reflect, rethink, reexamine their beliefs and their way of life.
A
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
17
Q
It led to the creation of new research fields in science and prompted the establishment of strong ideas in modern science
A
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
18
Q
Origin of the idea of the sun as the centerpiece of the universe, and the 2 planetary motions
A
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
19
Q
What are the 2 planetary motions
A
- The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of Earth, thus closer to Sun
- The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus farther from the Sun.
20
Q
- THEORY OF EVOLUTION
- The Origin of Species (1589)
- The Descent of Man
A
CHARLES DARWIN
21
Q
evidence on species evolved over time and presented traits and adaptation that differentiate species.
A
The ORIGIN OF SPECIES (1859)
22
Q
Book of Charles Darwin in which he introduced the idea of of all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking
A
The DESCENT OF MAN
23
Q
- A famous figure in the field of psychology
- Made a significant contribution through the development of an important observational method known as the method of psychoanalysis.
A
SIGMUND FREUD
24
Q
According to Weiner (2016), his method of psychoanalysis was proven to be effective in understanding some neurological conditions that were not understood by medicine at that time.
A
Sigmund Freud
25
FREUD'S method was unorthodox focusing on ___________ and the ____________ of man.
HUMAN SEXUALITY, EVIL NATURE
26
- They incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and other religious structures.
- They were also skilled in mathematics and created a number system based on the number 20.
MAYA CIVILIZATION
27
is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2000 years
MAYA CIVILIZATION
28
- They are known for their knowledge of predicting eclipses and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.
- They are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar systems.
MAYA CIVILIZATION
29
- They developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machinery and tools.
- They built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints from a mineral called mica.
MAYA CIVILIZATION
30
Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints from a mineral called _________
MICA
31
- They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products 300 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
- They independently developed the concept of zero and positional value, even before the Romans did
MAYA CIVILIZATION
32
Mayans are of the world's first civilizations to use a writing system know as the ________________
Mayan Hieroglyphics
33
- Roads paved with stones.
- Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters
INCA CIVILIZATION
34
- Created a calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season
- Created a system of knotted ropes to keep record that only experts can interpret
INCA CIVILIZITATION
35
The first Suspension bridge made by the Inca
QUIPU
36
- Mandatory education
- Chocolates (Xocolatl)
- Antispasmodic medication
- Chinampa (agriculture)
- Invention of Canoe
AZTEC CIVILIZATION
37
a type of medication used by the Aztec to prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which can help during surgery
Antispasmodic Medication
38
A form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.
CHINAMPA
39
This enabled the Aztec to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season.
Aztec Calendar
40
A light narrow boat built by the Aztec used for travelling in water systems
CANOE
41
The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made them as a part of their ________________________
tribute to their gods.
42
Produced iron steel considered the best in the Roman Empire
INDIA
43
- They discovered some medicinal properties of plants that led them to develop medicines to cure various illnesses.
- Developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each
INDIA
44
The Indian traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC. (Alternative Medicine)
Ayurveda
45
describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India
Susruta Samhita
46
Indians attempt in standardizing the measurement of length to high degree of accuracy
MOHENJODARO Ruler
47
Indian astronomer and mathematician who introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra.
Aryabhata (476- 550)
48
Book of Aryabhata in which he introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra.
Aryabhatiya
49
Indian who suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit.
Brahmagupta
50
Considered the founder of mathematical analysis
Madhava of Sangamagrama
51
Used traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences and discovery of the its people, also used lunar calendars
CHINA
52
Other famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese Civilization
- Compass
- Paper Making
- Gunpowder
- Printing tools
- Iron Plough
- Wheelbarrow
- Propeller
- Seismological Detector
53
According to Zhongguo ke xue yuan (1983) what was an another invention of the Chinese civilization
Design of different models of Bridges
54
According to Needham et al. (1971) what was an another invention of the Chinese civilization
Dry dock Facility
55
- Made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets, which were carefully recorded and preserved to understand better the heavenly bodies and their effects to our world (Mayall, 1939)
- They observed the heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily activities
CHINA
56
- Placed greater value on science experiments than plain- thought experiments.
- Introduction of decimal point notation
MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
57
Period of Muslim Scholarship, or Golden Age of Islam
7th and 8th century, until the 13th century
58
A Muslim scientist who is also regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.
Ibn al-Haytham
59
The word Algebra is derived from
AL- JABR
60
Mathematician who gave his name to the concept of the algorithm
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
61
Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation
MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
62
According to Derewenda (2007) & Warren (2005) Some scholars considered ___________________ to be the “Father of Chemistry”
Jābir ibn Hayyān
63
According to Jacquart (2008) __________ pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials
Ibn Sina
64
Ibn Sina’s two most notable works in medicine
- The Book of Healing
- The Canon of Medicine ( which was used as a standard medicinal text in both Muslim world and in Europe during the 17th Century)
65
- Three types of calendars lunar, solar, stellar calendars, or a combination of the 3.
- Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in this continent
AFRICA
66
Civilization blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also emerged in this part of the planet long before the Europeans colonized it.
AFRICA
67
A tool in originating from Africa for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation, also used as a six month lunar calendar
LEBOMBO BONE
68
Oldest mathematical artifact dated from 35,00 BCE
Lebombo Bone
69
- Four fundamental mathematical operations and other math skills
- Pharmacology
EGYPT
70
- The great structures of the pyramids and the early dams built to divert water from the Nile River are some proofs of their advanced civilization.
- They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and applied important components such as examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the treatment of diseases.
EGYPT
71
known as the center of Alchemy
EGYPT
72
Medieval forerunner of Chemistry
Alchemy
73
* Filipino Pediatrician
* Founder of the first pediatric hospital in the
Philippines
* Noted for her pioneering work on the infectious
diseases in Philippine communities
* In 1950s, she pursued studies on dengue fever
* Textbook of Pediatrics
* In 1980, she was conferred the rank and title of
National Scientist of the Philippines, and in 2010,
she was conferred the Order of Lakandula.
Fe Villanueva Del Mundo
74
* Filipino Biologist
* author of taxonomic and morphological
papers, many of which deal with orchids,
including ‘Medicinal Plants of the Philippines’
Eduardo A. Quisumbing
75
The orchid species named in honor of Eduardo A. Quisumbing
Saccolabium Quisumbingii
76
* “Father of Kappaphycus farming”
* His research focuses on seaweeds
including studies on the culture of
Eucheuma denticulatum, Kappaphycus
alvarezii, Gracilaria spp., Caulerpa
lentilifera, and Halymenia durvillei for
coastal communities.
* He wrote an academic paper reporting
the occurrence of ice-ice disease that
had affected seaweed farms.
Gavino C. Trono Jr.
77
* a Filipino technologist, pharmaceutical chemist,
humanitarian and war heroine
* With her knowledge of local food properties, she
also made contributions in the culinary realm and
taught proper preservation methods for native dishes
such as adobo, dinuguan, kilawin and escabeche.
Maria Orosa y Ylagan
78
Food Products made by Maria Ylagan
- Calamansi Nip
- Banana Ketchup
- Soyalac
- Darak
79
A protein-rich powdered soybean product
Soyalac
80
a bran powder rich in thiamine and other vitamins which could also treat beriberi
Darak
81
* National Scientist of the Philippines (2014)
* His work has led to the discovery of 50 new
species of reptiles and amphibians.
* He built the Philippines’ first artificial reef.
Angel C. Alcala
82
* On the island of Sumilon, he established the
country’s first marine sanctuary.
* He has also worked to protect the lives of giant
clams in the Philippines.
Angel C. Alcala
83
* a Filipino inventor and horticulturist best known
for inventing a way to induce more flowers in
mango trees using ethrel (ethephon) and
potassium nitrate.
* National Scientist of the Philippines (2014)
Ramon Cabanos Barba
84
* His many research breakthroughs include banana
micropropagation and tissue culture of sugarcane
and tissue culture of calamansi, all of which have
lasting impacts on the respective agribusiness
potentials of these commodities.
Ramon Cabanos Barba
85
* founder and Chairperson of Philippine Solar and
Storage Energy Alliance, CEO and President of
SunAsia Energy Inc. and a former Undersecretary
of the Department of Agriculture.
* a pioneer of solar energy in the Philippines.
* She led the USAID funded rural electrification
program for remote areas in Mindanao and
contributed in shaping the Renewable Energy
Law of 2008, the Feed-in Tariff Rules of 2012 and
the Net Metering Rules of 2013.
Maria Theresa "Tetchi" Cruz Capellan
86
* a Filipino biologist
* National Scientist of the Philippines (2014)
* He led the world’s first national-scale
assessment of damage to coral reefs leading to
international conservation initiatives such as the
replanting of corals.
* pioneered giant clam breeding stationed in Bolinao and other protected areas
* In 2007, he pioneered the study on ocean
acidification caused by increased levels of
absorbed carbon dioxide in the ocean.
Edgardo Dizon Gomez
87
The giant clam species that was the subject to pioneered breeding by Edgardo Dizon Gomez
Tridacna Gigas
88
* a Filipino geologist
* He was awarded the Plinius Medal by the European
Geosciences Union on April 15, 2015, in Vienna, Austria,
for his “outstanding interdisciplinary natural-hazard
research and natural-disaster engagement in the
Philippines, particularly with respect to volcanic hazards,
earthquakes, typhoons, landslides and floods.” He is the
first Asian to receive the award.
* He is executive director of Project NOAH (Nationwide
Operational Assessment of Hazards) and a professor at
the National Institute of Geological Sciences of the
University of the Philippines Diliman.
Alfredo Mahar Francisco Amante Lagmay
89
* a Filipina inventor and entrepreneur
* co-founded the Sustainable Alternative
Lighting (SALt), a social movement that aims to
provide alternative lighting solutions.
* invented a lamp that uses salt and water to
chemically create light
* Compared with the kerosene lamp, the SALt
lamp is a lot safer since it does not have
components or compounds that may spark
fire. Moreover, it does not emit toxic gases and
leaves a minimal carbon footprint.
Aisa Mijeno
90
In the 1500s and 1600s
the ________________ changed the way
Europeans looked at the
world.
Scientific Revolution
91
People began to make
conclusions based on
_________________ and
____________, instead of
merely accepting traditional
ideas.
experimentation, observation
92
Taught that the Earth was the center of the universe
PTOLEMY
93
The theory of Ptolemy that gained the support of the Church
Geocentric theory
94
Geocentric Model of the solar system
1. Earth
2. Moon
3. Mercury
4. Venus
5. Sun
6. Mars
7. Jupiter
8. Saturn
9. Neptune
95
Sun is the center of the universe
HELIOCENTRIC THEORY
96
Copernicus was a __________________________ who studied in Italy.
Polish astronomer
97
what was the Book Copernicus published in 1543
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
98
Two conclusions drawn out on the book "On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres".
1. The universe is heliocentric,
or sun-centered.
2. The Earth is merely one of
several planets revolving
around the sun.
99
Copernicus Model of the solar system
1. Sun
2. Moon
3. Mercury
4. Venus
5. Earth
6. Mars
7. Jupiter
8. Saturn
9. Neptune
100
What did Copernicus used to draw this conclusions?
Mathematical Formulas
101
This marked the start of modern science and astronomy.
The Copernican Conception of the Universe
102
The person who's idea and model of the universe placed the
Sun to be the centerpiece of the universe.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
103
Historical Figures in the Copernican Revolution
> Ptolemy
> Copernicus
> Galileo
> Kepler
> Newton
104
Who stated that the geocentric model, that the Earth is at rest at the center of the Universe.
Ptolemy
105
published the heliocentric model.
Copernicus
106
his observations by telescope verified the heliocentric model.
Galileo
107
deduced empirical laws of planetary motion from Tycho’s observations of planetary positions.
Kepler
108
developed the full theory of planetary orbits.
Newton
109
Most scholars _______________
the Copernican Heliocentric theory because it went against
Ptolemy, the Church, and
because it called for the Earth
to rotate on its axis.
rejected
110
Danish astronomer who provided evidence that supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory.
Tycho Brahe
111
*Every night for years Brahe
carefully observed the sky,
accumulating data about
the movement of the ___________________
stars and planets.
112
Brahe set up an _____________________ to observe the night sky
astronomical observatory
113
The assistant of Tycho Brahe, a German
astronomer and mathematician who used Brahe’s data and calculated the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun.
Johannes Kepler
114
The Italian astronomer who built upon
the scientific foundations laid
by Copernicus and Kepler.
Galileo Galilei
115
Galileo assembled the _____________________________ which allowed him to see mountains on
the moon and fiery spots on the sun.
First Telescope
116
Galileo also observed ________ moons rotating around _______ – exactly the way Copernicus said the Earth rotated
around the sun.
4, Jupiter
117
Galileo also discovered that objects
fall at the same ______ regardless of
_________
speed, weight
118
Galileo’s discoveries caused
an uproar. Galileo was
_________________ Ptolemy.
contradicting
119
The Church came against Galileo
because it claimed that the Earth was
__________________________
fixed and unmoving.
120
When threatened with death before
the Inquisition in ______, Galileo
_________ his beliefs, even though he
knew the Earth moved.
1633, recanted
121
Galileo was put under ___________,
and was not allowed to _________ his ideas.
house arrest, publish
122
painstaking method used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis
Scientific Method
123
Time period the Scientific Method emerged
Early 1600s
124
Scientists observed nature, made ______________ or educated guess, and then tested these hypotheses through ________________.
Hypotheses, Experiments
125
Unlike earlier approaches, the scientific method did not rely on the classical thinkers or the Church, but depended upon a step-by-step process of _________________________________.
observation and experimentation
126
Steps of Scientific Method
1. State the Problem
2. Collect Information
3. Form a hypotheses
4. Test the hypotheses
5. Record & Analyze data
6. State a conclusion
7. Repeat steps 1-6
127
Scientists soon discovered that the movements of bodies in nature closely followed what could be
predicted by _______________
Mathematics
128
The scientific method set Europe on the road to ________________________________
rapid technological progress.
129
The English scholar who built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo
Sir Isaac Newton
130
The most influential scientist in the Scientific Revolution
Isaac Newton
131
Newton used math to prove the
existence of ___________ - a force that
kept planets in their orbits around
the sun, and also caused objects
to fall towards the earth.
gravity
132
Newton published his scientific ideas in his book ___________________________________
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
133
Newton discovered the laws of ___________________, and formulated the laws of _____________
Light and Color, Motion
134
The Laws of Motion
1. A body at rest stays at rest
2. Acceleration is caused by force
3. For every action there is an equal opposite reaction
135
Newton Invented _______________; a method of mathematical analysis
Calculus
136
an English philosopher who wrote Advancement of Learning
Francis Bacon
137
Bacon popularized the scientific method and used it with _____________________________
Philosophy and Knowledge
138
Bacon argued that truth could not be known at the beginning of a question, but only at the end after a long process of ________________________
Investigation
139
a French scientist, mathematician, and philospher that emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding
Rene Descartes
140
Descartes emphasized ________________________ as the best road to understanding
human reasoning
141
He distinguished the difference between individual elements and chemical compounds
Robert Boyle
142
Boyle also explained the effect of _________________________________________ on gases
Temperature and Pressure
143
Published the book "On the structure of the Human Body" in 1543
Andreas Vesalius
144
Vesalius' book was the first accurate and detailed book on _________________
Human Anatomy
145
The English Scholar who described the circulation of blood for the first time
William Harvey
146
French physician who developed a new and more effective ointment for preventing infection
Ambroise Pare
147
Pare also developed a technique for closing __________________________
Wounds and stitches
148
A Dutch inventor who perfected the microscope and became the first human to see cells and microorganisms
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
149
is essential in Nation Building
Science and Technology
150
Scientific knowledge and technological advancement are needed to ________________________ such as climate change, natural disasters and epidemics. Also they are needed to __________________________________ leading to economic growth
Address problems and concerns, increase industrial productivity
151
Why is Science and Technology Important?
Increase agricultural productivity.
Conserve and protect the environment.
Produce quality goods.
Secure peace, order and stability
Manage natural disasters.
Generate jobs for workers.
Increase economic productivity.
Develop good infrastructure.
Efficiently deliver social services
Ensure quality Healthcare
152
stated that Science and Technology are essential for national development and progress
Section 10, Article 14 of 1987 Philippine Constitution
153
Mandated an increase use of scientific and technological breakthroughs
Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022
154
The main government agency for science and technology in the Philippines
Department of Science and Technology
155
The program that aims to encourage Filipino Scientists or Scientists of Filipino Descent to return to the Philippines and conduct research or scientific undertakings
Balik Scientist Program
156
The law that will provide incentives and assistance to returning Filipino experts, scientists, inventors, and engineers
RA No. 11035, Balik Scientist Act
157
The program that is important in maintaning a critical number Filipino, experts, scientists, inventors, and engineers that will serve the country
Balik Scientist Program
158
One of the Balik Scientist who is a Senior Scientist in USA's NASA
Dr. Josefino C.Comiso
159
Decree that established the National Academy of Science and Technology, and the establishment of the ORDER OF THE NATIONAL SCIENTIST
Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1003-A, s. 1976)
160
The highest honor that is being bestowed by the President of the Philippines to a Filipino man or woman of science in the Philippines who has made significant contributions in on e of the different fields of science and technology.
ORDER OF THE NATIONAL SCIENTISTS
161
Through this program, the government funds scientific and technological undertakings to promote development in the country
Grants-In-Aid Program
162
The institute that conducts research on the safe use of nuclear energy for medical, agricultural, environmental and industrial purposes.
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
163
Aims to cultivate a culture of preparedness to decrease risks of casualties during natural disasters
Project NOAH
164
Aims to develop our Science and Technology manpower through scholarships, trainings, and research collaborations with top universities and institutions in California, USA
PCARI Project
165
DOST Scholarship Program is mandated under?
RA 7687, S & T Act of 1994
