CPH Flashcards
1
Q
is a complex discipline that has strong historical connections to society.
A
PUBLIC HEALTH
2
Q
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
A
HEALTH (WHO)
3
Q
encompasses the scientific and artistic practices aimed at preventing disease, enhancing well-being, and extending life span
A
PUBLIC HEALTH
4
Q
According to this individual/ organization, public health is the combination of scientific knowledge and artistic skills aimed at preventing diseases, extending life span, and enhancing health and productivity through coordinated community actions.
A
Dr. CE Winslow
5
Q
According to this individual/ organization, public health is defined as the practice of utilizing scientific knowledge within the realm of politics to decrease health disparities while simultaneously promoting optimal health for the largest population
A
World Health Organization
6
Q
focuses on the overall well-being of communities and populations as a whole, its mission is to advance the promotion of health, the prevention of disease, and the extension of life.
A
PUBLIC HEALTH
7
Q
to promote and protect the health of people and the communities where they live, learn, work, and play.
A
Mission of Public Health
8
Q
A global leader for attaining better health outcomes, competitive and responsible health care system, an equitable health financing
A
DOH VISION
9
Q
To guarantee equitable, sustainable, and quality health for all Filipinos, especially the poor, and to lead the quest for excellence in health
A
DOH MISSION
10
Q
The study of the distribution and determination of health- related states or events in specified populations, and the application of thus study to control health problems
A
EPIDEMIOLOGY
11
Q
Factors that influence an individual’s or population’s health, which can include biological, socioeconomic, psychosocial, behavioral, or social in nature
A
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
12
Q
Efforts to prevent the occurrence of disease or injury, typically categorized as primary ( before it occurs), secondary (early detection), or tertiary (after it has occurred) prevention
A
PREVENTION
13
Q
The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health through lifestyle changes
A
HEALTH PROMOTION
14
Q
The continuous, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice
A
SURVEILLANCE
15
Q
An occurrence of disease greater than would otherwise be expected at a particular time and place.
A
OUTBREAK
16
Q
The epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people
A
PANDEMIC
17
Q
The attainment of the highest level of health for all people, with the focus on removing disparities and inequalities in health status due to factors such as race, gender, income, or geographic location
A
HEALTH EQUITY
18
Q
Conditions in the environment where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks
A
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
19
Q
Illnesses caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another
A
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
20
Q
Diseases not passed from person to person, often chronic in nature, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and chronic lung diseases
A
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
21
Q
The branch of public health that focuses on the relationships between people and their environment, promotes human health and well-being, and fosters healthy and safe communities
A
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
22
Q
Decisions, plans, and actions undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a society
A
HEALTH POLICY
23
Q
posits that health behavior is influenced by an individual’s own beliefs and perceptions regarding an illness or health issue, as well as their understanding of the available measures to mitigate its occurrence.
A
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
24
Q
is highly acknowledged conceptual framework in health behavior theory.
A
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
25
An international agreement that advocates for a holistic view of health, emphasizing the need for health equity, empowerment of individuals and communities, and the necessity of enabling environments for health.
THE OTTAWA CHARTER for Health Promotion (1986)
26
is the process of enabling individuals and communities to enhance control over and improve their health.
HEALTH PROMOTION
27
Essential Prerequisites that the OTTAWA Charter underscored that is necessary for Health Improvement
ADVOCACY
ENABLEMENT
MEDIATION
ADAPTATION TO LOCAL CONTEXT
28
are epidemics or outbreaks of disease that spread far and wide affecting populations of multiple
continents.
PANDEMICS
29
This pandemic, commonly known as the Spanish Flu, was caused by the H1N1. A virus. It remains one of the most severe pandemics in history, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. The high infection rate and the rapid global spread of the virus highlighted the challenges of managing infectious diseases on a global scale, emphasizing the need for effective public health measures and international cooperation in responding to such health crises.
INFLUENZA (1918)
30
a highly contagious viral disease that can lead to paralysis
Polio
31
The Doctor who developed a vaccine for Polio
Dr. Jonas Salk
32
A pandemic, which emerged in the late 20th century, has had a profound impact on global public health. As of the current data, approximately 34 million people are living with this disease worldwide
HIV
33
The typhoon struck the Philippines in November 2013, causing widespread devastation and resulting in a significant public health crisis. The impact of the typhoon posed various health challenges, including injuries, displacement, and the risk of infectious diseases.
YOLANDA
34
involves the use of infectious agents or toxins to harm or kill humans, animals, or plants, often with the intention of gaining a military advantage.
BIOLOGICAL WARFARE
35
This comprehensive law, also known as the Tobacco Regulation Act, was enacted to promote a
healthful environment and protect the public from the harmful effects of smoking and exposure to
tobacco smoke
RA No. 9211
36
Issued in 2017 by then-President Rodrigo Duterte, this executive order aims to establish smoke-free
environments in public and enclosed places.
Executive Order No. 26
37
THE PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH
1. Surveillance
2. Risk Factor Identification
3. Intervention Evaluation
4. Implementation
38
CORE SCIENCES
1. Epidemiology
2. Laboratory
3. Informatics
4. Surveillance
5. Prevention Effectiveness
39
Public Health in the Spanish Era (1565- 1898)
- The San Lazaro Church and Hospital
- Hospital Real in Cebu
- Medical Institutions addressing diseases like smallpox and cholera
40
Public Health under the Americans (1898- 1918)
- Improved Health Care by building more hospitals
- Implementing disease prevention measures
- Providing formal medical education and benefits to Filipinos
- Mass smallpox vaccinations
41
was established in 1947 following the separation of health and public welfare offices.
Department of Health
42
- Resulted from the first international conference on PHC held in Kazakhstan.
- Emphasized accessibility, community participation, health promotion, appropriate technology, and a
multi-sectoral approach.
- The battle cry was "Health for All."
ALMA-ATA DECLARATION (1978)
43
- Nationwide implementation of PHC, integrating preventive and curative health services.
- Established the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine and a herbal processing plant.
- Received the WHO Sasakawa Health Prize in 1985.
Dr. Azurin's Term (1981- 1992)
44
- Issued EO 119, restoring the Department of Health (DOH) and increasing the health budget.
- Implemented key initiatives: "The Milk Code," Field Epidemiology Training Program, Generics Drug Act
(RA 6675), and Local Government Code of 1991
Aquino Administration (1986-1992)
45
- Dr. Juan Flavier's innovative programs, including the National Immunization Day and public health
campaigns.
- Passage of RA 7160 (Local Government Code) and RA 7305 (Magna Carta for Public Health Workers).
- Achievement: WHO declared the Philippines polio-free in 2003.
Fidel and Flavier (1992- 1995)
46
- Enacted during Ramos' presidency, establishing PhilHealth.
- Aimed at providing essential health services to all, prioritizing vulnerable sectors.
- Dr. Hilarion Ramiro implemented key reforms.
National Health Insurance Act of 1995
47
- Evolution from Medicare to PhilHealth, emphasizing universal healthcare.
- Achievements include expanded coverage, financial stability, and the passage of the Universal
Healthcare Act in 2013.
Philhealth Through the Years
48
* Dr. Carmencita Reodica focused on children's health, reproductive health, and the Botika ng Barangay
program.
* Enacted RA 8423 (Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act) in 1997.
First female Secretary of Health (1996- 1998)
49
- Secretary Felipe Estrella and Alberto Romualdez emphasized decentralization, prevention, and health
sector reform.
- Launched the National Health Passport and initiated various health programs.
Health Sector Reform Agenda (1998- 2001)
50
- Implemented the "One Script System" for resource allocation.
- Achievements include TB control, fiscal autonomy for DOH hospitals, and successful management of
the SARS outbreak.
- Strong emphasis on community health and strategic health planning
Secretary Manuel Dayrit (2001- 2005)
51
* A historical quote highlighting the impact of past pandemics on commerce and public life.
* The evolution reflects a continuous effort to enhance healthcare accessibility, address emerging health
challenges, and achieve the goal of "Health for All" in the Philippines
Pandemic Reference (1935)
52
* Implemented "FOURmula ONE for Health" framework focusing on healthcare financing, regulation,
service delivery, and governance.
* Achieved unprecedented budget increases, reaching 23.7 billion pesos in 2009.
* Passed the landmark Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008 (RA 9502), reducing
medicine prices and expanding distribution networks.
* Enacted the Food and Administration Law of 2009 (RA 9711) to strengthen regulatory oversight.
* Implemented the Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health and Nutrition (MNCHN) Strategy to address
maternal and child mortality
Dr. Francisco Duque's Term (2005-2010)
53
* Adopted a Sector-Wide Development Approach (SDAH) for effective donor coordination and resource
mobilization.
* Successfully managed the AH1N1 virus outbreak in 2009, receiving commendation from the World
Health Organization.
* Instituted internal reforms in financial management, procurement, and internal audit, enhancing
transparency and accountability.
* Awarded the Communication Excellence in Organizations in 2009 for effective communication
strategies.
* Dr. Esperanza Cabral served as Secretary of Health after Dr. Duque's appointment as Chairman of the
Civil Service Commission in 2010.
Dr. Francisco Duque's Term (2005-2010)
54
RA ___________ or the Universal Health Care Act
RA 11223
55
Aims to provide Filipinos with access to quality and affordable health care services
Universal Health Care Act
56
Meaning of IRR
Implementing Rules and Regulations
57
Key Components of IRR
1.) The expansion of the benefit packages provided by PhilHealth
2.) Ensuring financial risk protection for all Filipinos
3.) Encourage health promotion and disease prevention programs
58
The UHC law encompasses all Filipinos within the National Health Insurance Program. The overarching goal is to ensure that everyone has equitable access to quality and affordable health care services.
COVERAGE
59
The UHC Act categorizes health services into preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative care, catering to both individual and community health needs
HEALTHCARE SERVICES
60
The successful implementation of UHC hinges on adequate funding sources. Key contributors include the national government subsidy, funds from the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth), and contributions from the Sin tax law.
FUNDING
61
Derived from the Greek words "epi", "demos", "logos" and stands as a critical pillar in the realm of Community and Public Health
Epidemiology
62
It serves as the scientific backbone,
employing rigorous methods to explore the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events
within specific populations.
Epidemiology
63
Epidemiology does not operate in isolation; instead, it embraces a _______________ nature,
multidisciplinary
64
Epidemiology draws insights from other various scientific fields like:
-Biostatics
-Informatics
-Biology
-Economics
-The social and behavioral sciences
65
As a ____________________, epidemiology demands a profound understanding of probability, statistics, and research methods.
Quantitative discipline
66
indicating the number of health events like cases of meningitis or diabetes, is assessed in relation to the population size, allowing for the calculation of rates.
FREQUENCY
67
delves into the occurrence of health-related events concerning time, place,
and person.
PATTERNS
68
patterns may manifest annually, seasonally, weekly, daily, or even hourly, providing insights
into temporal influences on disease occurrence.
TIME
69
patterns involve geographic variations, urban/rural distinctions, and the location of workplaces or schools.
PLACE
70
encompassing demographic factors (such as age, sex, marital status, and
socioeconomic status), behaviors, and environmental exposures, contribute to a comprehensive
understanding of health events.
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS
71
_______________________________ plays a pivotal role in characterizing health events by time, place, and person. This
involves detailed exploration and analysis of the distribution patterns, laying the groundwork for further
investigations and interventions in public health.
Descriptive Epidemiology
72
involves a thorough examination of groups with different disease rates to assess disparities in demographic characteristics, genetic or immunologic makeup, behaviors, environmental
exposures, and other potential risk factors.
Analytic Epidemiology
73
___________________ focus on specified populations, distinguishing them from ________________ who prioritize individual health.
Epidemiologists, clinicians
74
What does the epidemiological approach starts with?
Defining what constitutes a case
75
involves characterizing cases based on time, place, and person. The
epidemiologist calculates disease rates by dividing the number of cases by the population size.
Descriptive Epidemiology
76
if the rate is higher than expected, this is compared it to a suitable comparison group using _____________________ techniques.
analytic epidemiology
77
This consists of standardized criteria for classifying whether an individual has a specific disease,
syndrome, or health condition.
Case Definition
78
One notable model for infectious
diseases is the ______________________, comprising an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment
that facilitates their interaction.
epidemiologic triad
79
refers to the causative factor or entity that can lead to the development of a disease. Initially, this concept was predominantly associated with infectious microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, parasites, or
fungi.
AGENT
80
host represents the individual or organism that is capable of contracting the disease.
HOST
81
encompasses the external factors that can affect the interactions between the agent and the host. This includes physical, biological, and socioeconomic conditions that create opportunities for disease
transmission.
ENVIRONMENT
82
What constitutes the Epidemiological Triad
Agent, Host, Environment
83
Limitations of Epidemiological Triad
when applied to non-communicable diseases with multiple complex causes.
84
the father of germ theory.
Louis Pasteur
85
The person who built on Pasteur's work, and formulated a set of postulates that provided a systematic approach to identifying the causative agents of infectious diseases.
Robert Koch
86
The theory states that when an individual is exposed to a certain microorganism, it always leads to the
development of disease
Koch Postulates
87
one such model that addresses the multifactorial nature of causation. It represents individual factors contributing to disease as pieces of a pie,
Rothman's Causal Pies (1976)
88
intrinsic host factors, and environmental factors together form the pies.
Component Cause
89
is a component that appears in every pie, without which the disease does not
occur.
Necessary Cause
90
Direct link between Exposure and Outcome
Causal Relationship
91
Indirect link between Exposure and Outcome with the help of an Confounder
Non-causal Relationship
92
Phase where the disease is asymptomatic, detectable by screening methods.
Subclinical Phase
93
Phase where disease manifests with symptoms, and diagnoses are typically made during this stage. The
spectrum of disease ranges from asymptomatic to severe or fatal outcomes.
Clinical Disease
94
phase precedes the host's exposure to a pathogen
Pre-Pathogenesis
95
Pre-Pathogenesis is alternatively named as _____________________
Stage of Susceptibility
96
Phase that marks the establishment of the pathogen in the host.
Pathogenesis
97
Pathogenesis is commonly known as ___________________
Stage of Susceptibility
98
encompassing the disease's initiation until its initial detection.
Latency Period
99
a crucial concept as it
represents the timeframe during which the infected host is most contagious. It is the optimal time
for placing the person in isolation.
Period of Communicability, or Contagious Period
100
include carriers, asymptomatic carriers, incubatory carriers, convalescent carriers, and chronic carriers.
Human Reservoirs
101
lead to zoonotic diseases, transmitted from animals to humans.
Animal Reservoirs
102
carriers such as plants, soil, and water, also harbor infectious agents.
Environmental Reservoirs
103
Transmission that involves direct contact or droplet spread
Direct Transmission
104
Transmission that occurs through airborne particles, vehicles, and vectors
Indirect Transmission
105
Diseases that occur frequently
Sporadic Diseases
106
Diseases hat are constantly present
Endemic Diseases
107
refers to persistently high levels of disease
Hyperendemic
108
involve person-to-person transmission, with cases over multiple incubation
periods.
Propagated Outbreaks
109
show patterns reflecting intermittent exposure.
Intermittent common-source outbreaks
110
outbreaks that have prolonged exposure, leading to wider peaks.
Continuous common-source
111
outbreaks occur with a brief exposure period, showing a steep epidemic curve.
Point-source outbreaks
112
conditions that are caused by biological agents or by their interaction
with the host. In some cases, it is the immune response of the host that triggers the disease
process against the biologic agent.
Communicable/ Infectious Disease
113
conditions that are not transmitted from person to person. More
often than not, these conditions are multi-faceted with risk factors including: genetics, lifestyle,
nutrition, occupation, and social history.
Non-communicable Disease
114
diseases with peak severity of clinical signs and symptoms occurs and subsides within three months.
ACUTE diseases
115
diseases with duration of manifestation persists more than three months and
remains for a lifetime.
CHRONIC diseases
116
DETERMINE WHETHER ACUTE OR CHRONIC
Communicable : seasonal flu, common colds, dengue, and measles
Non-communicable : appendicitis, drug overdose (paracetamol), and injury due to fall
ACUTE Diseases
117
DETERMINE WHETHER ACUTE OR CHRONIC
Communicable : HIV, rheumatic heart disease, and tertiary syphilis
Non-communicable : diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cancer, psychiatric
conditions such as major depressive disorders and schizophrenia
CHRONIC diseases
118
conditions caused by abnormalities in an individual's DNA. These conditions may be inherited from parents or occur spontaneously.
A. Inborn Errors and Genetic Diseases
119
Law mandating that all babies born in the Philippines must undergo newborn screening within 24 after birth, but not later than 3 days
RA. 9288 "Newborn Screening Act of 2004"
120
Increased the screening panel of disorders from 6 to more than 28
Expanded Newborn Screening
121
is intricately linked to a myriad of health issues, ranging from respiratory diseases to cardiovascular problems.
Tobacco Consumption
122
Strategies for Tobacco Control
- Taxation
- Advertising Restrictions
- Smoke-free Environment
123
Law that aims to protect citizens from the hazards of tobacco exposure. This includes provisions for smoke-free public places, graphic health warnings on tobacco products, and restrictions on tobacco advertising.
Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003
124
unforeseeable and uncontrollable
Accidents
125
result from specific factors or behavior
Injuries
126
Conducting campaigns to educate the community about responsible road
usage, pedestrian safety, and the importance of adhering to traffic rules.
Road Safety Education:
127
Providing guidance on creating safe home environments to prevent
accidents, particularly among children and the elderly.
Home Safety Workshops:
128
Strengthening and enforcing traffic regulations to reduce the incidence of road accidents.
Traffic Regulations:
129
Ensuring compliance with safety standards in workplaces to
minimize occupational injuries.
Occupational Safety Standards:
130
Encouraging communities to actively participate in ensuring safety, with a focus on crime prevention and emergency response.
Community Policing:
131
Establishing community-driven initiatives to enhance safety and
security.
Neighborhood Watch Programs:
132
IMCI promotes community-based care for childhood illnesses, ensuring
timely and appropriate management by health workers and caregivers.
Community-Based Care
133
Health professionals are trained to utilize the IMCI approach,
emphasizing holistic care and early detection of illnesses in children under five.
Training and Capacity Building:
134
Public health campaigns encourage breastfeeding as the optimal nutrition
for infants, disseminating information about its benefits for both the child and mother.
Promotion and Education:
135
The Philippines has enacted laws, such as the Expanded Breastfeeding
Promotion Act, to create a supportive environment for breastfeeding mothers in workplaces and public
spaces.
Supportive Policies:
136
Ensuring that newborns receive essential care immediately after birth,
including thermal protection, early initiation of breastfeeding, and infection prevention.
Essential Newborn Care
137
represent a significant yet often overlooked dimension.
Mental Health Issues
138
The installation of monitoring systems in urban centers allows real-time
tracking of air quality, enabling timely interventions to mitigate pollution.
Air Quality Monitoring Systems
139
Encouraging the use of electric vehicles and promoting sustainable
transportation options to reduce air pollutants from fossil fuel combustion.
Promotion of Clean Transportation
140
Regular monitoring of water sources to detect and address
contamination issues promptly.
Water Quality Monitoring Programs
141
a group of individuals who can be identified by common
characteristics such as location, age group, or health status.
Population
142
consists of those who use its services.
Factors like distance, medical conditions, and insurance affect this definition.
Catchment Population
143
Population where membership is based on an event and is permanent
FIXED
144
Population where membership is based on a condition and is transitory
DYNAMIC or OPEN
145
the number of people who are affected by the disease
Numerator
146
the size of population from which the case arise
Denominator
147
The length of time that the population is followed-up or observed for the occurrence of the event of interest
Time
148
multiplies of 100, 1000, 10000 or 100000; Facilitates interpretation of the index
Factor
149
commonly used to compare the incidence of a disease in different populations.
ratios
150
used to measure the proportion of individuals in a population who have a particular disease.
Proportion
151
is a measure of the frequency with which an event, such as the incidence of a disease, occurs
in a population over a specific period of time.
rate
152
Division of two unrelated numbers
Ratio
153
Number of event
Count
154
Division of two related numbers; numerator is part of the denominator
Proportion
155
Division of two numbers; time is always in denominator
Rate
156
refers to the number of new cases of a disease that develop in a population during a specific time period. It provides information about the risk of a person contracting the disease.
Incidence
157
refers to the total number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a specific point in time. It provides a snapshot of how widespread the disease is.
Prevalence
158
“average risk” of getting the disease over a certain period of time.
Cumulative Incidence
159
Cumulative incidence is used for __________________ where there are no or small losses to follow-up.
fixed populations
160
is defined as the occurrence of new cases during person-time of
observation.
Incidence Rate
161
(Number of New cases of Disease/ Number of Population at Risk) X Over a specified time period
Cumulative Incidence
162
Number of new cases of disease/ Person- Time Observation in population at risk
Incidence Rate
163
This refers to the proportion of the population that is diseased at a specific point in time, such as a particular date or life event.
Point Prevalence
164
(No. of existing cases of a disease at a point of time/ size of population at that point in time) X 100
Point Prevalence
165
This measures the proportion of the population that is diseased during a specified duration, such as a year.
Period Prevalence
166
(No. of existing cases of illness during a period/ average size of population at the same period) X 100
Period Prevalence
167
is valuable for evaluating the effectiveness of disease prevention
programs and for studying the causes of diseases by focusing on new cases.
Incidence
168
is useful for estimating the needs of medical facilities, allocating resources for treating people with
existing diseases, and studying conditions like birth defects or chronic diseases where pinpointing the
beginning is challenging.
Prevalence
169
involves the examination of a group of patients all suffering from a particular disease.
Case Series study
170
Studies all cases of Diseases
Case Studies
171
is conducted to determine the extent of a disease and to identify patterns of disease occurrence in a population group.
Prevalence Study
172
Magnitude of the Disease, Identify patterns of occurrence
Prevalence Study
173
a descriptive study where both the unit of observation and analysis is a group. In such studies, disease rates or mortality rates of a group with specific characteristics are compared with those not having the characteristics or with varying levels of the characteristic of interest.
Ecological Study
174
Unit of observation is group
Ecologic Study
175
This method seeks a possible causal factor of a disease. The factor in
consideration is one whose frequency varies in relation to the frequency of the disease of interest. It's
based on the observation that, "If the frequency of a disease is markedly different under separate
circumstances, and some factor can be identified in one circumstance that is absent in the other, this
factor may be a cause of the disease."
Method of Difference
176
This method utilizes the concept of a "common denominator" among people with the disease. The key insight is, "If a factor is common to a number of different circumstances that have
been found to be associated with the presence of the disease, this factor may be a cause of the
disease."
Method of Agreement
177
This method uses the dose-response concept, that is, "A factor
whose frequency or strength varies with the frequency of the disease may be the cause of the disease."
Method of Concomitant Variation
178
Probability of Dying
Mortality
179
In these studies, epidemiologists observe and record the variable of interest without
any interference.
Observational Studies
180
In these studies, the investigator controls the exposure.
Experimental Studies
181
Also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, these studies follow up with the
participants over a period of time to assess the development of disease.
Prospective Studies
182
Also known as historical studies, these start with the disease and look backward to find exposures or risk factors.
Retrospective Studies
183
The ________________________ is a
renowned example of a prospective study.
Framingham Heart Study
184
_____________ studies are typically retrospective.
Case Studies
185
These studies assess both exposure and disease at the same time. Surveys are
common examples of this type of study.
Cross-sectional Studies
186
These studies observe the same attributes on the same subjects over a long period.
Longitudinal Studies
