STRUGGLES Flashcards
what are the climate based ag zones
- tropical (north)
- subtropical (coastal east)
- temperate (coastal South-east)
- Mediterranean (south westt)
how much of their income do poor spend on food
50-70%
What do farming systems offer
- context (allow for complexities of each individual farm)
- identify challenges
- acknowledge activities
- deeper understanding
- farmer’s perspective
What are farming systems based on
- resources
- livelihood
- enterprise patterns
- strategies
7 farming systems
1 irrigated
2 rainfed high humidity potential
3 rainfed steep highland
4 rainfed small scale in cold and dry
5 large scale commercial
6 coastal artisinal fishing and cereal
7 urban-based
what is the farming system that produces the most food in australia
large scale commercial
what 4 farming systems are still used by family farmers
- irrigated
- rainfed high humidity potential
- rainfed steep highland
- rainfed small scale in dry and cold
how much land is arable in Aus
46 million ha
how much land is non-arable in Aus
419 million ha
how much land is used for crops in aus
16 million ha
how much land is used for grasses in Aus
30 million ha
What are the 3 farming zones in Aus and their subdivisions
- High rainfall
- sheep-beef sector
- dairy sector - Wheat-sheep zone
- Pastoral
- northern
- southern
Where is the High rainfall zone
- coast of NSW, South Queensland, victoria, south east aus, south west aus and Tasmania
Characterisitcs of high rainfall zone
- > 500mm rainfall py
- sloping
- southern areas have a winter pattern
- northern areas have a summer pattern
- major constraints = low temp or low moisture
characterisitics of beef-sheep sector (HRZ)
- 6-9 months
- beef production and wool
characterisitics of dairy sector (HRZ)
- 300 to 1000 cows milked per farm
- long growing season
- high pasture yields
characteristics of wheat-sheep zone
- 33% of total Aus output/export
- 5-9 month season
- cereal cropping (only in 200-600 mm areas)
- 50-70% mixed farmland
characteristics of pastoral zones
- arid (>200mm yr)
- grazing = low stocking rate
- larger areas
- higher cost of transport (further away)
- West/central Aus
characteristics of northern sector (P)
- 25% land area occupied in Aus
- low carrying capacity of 1 per 30-50 ha
- very large
characteristics of southern sector (P)
- 25% land area
- 10% of total production of Aus
- large areas
- main feed is native grasses
what percentage of water is used by irriigation
- 70%
how much land is irrigated
- 0.5%
when did domestication begin
- 12,000 to 8000 BC
what plants were domesticated in fertile cresent and when
- wheat, barley, peas, chickpea
- 9000BC
what plants were domesticated in China and when
- rice, millet
- 7500BC
what plants were domesticated in mesoamerica and when
- maize and beans
- 3500BC
what plants were domesticated in Africa/sahel and when
- sorghum, millet, yam
- 5000BC
what plants were domesticated in andes/amazonia and when
maize, lima bean, cotton
- 3500BC
what plants were domesticated in New guinea and when
sugar cane, bananas
- 7000BC
8 main crops
- wheat, barley, rice, sorghum, maize, millet, oats, rye
- provide 75% food
Where and when were sheep domesticated
ferile cresent and 8000-8500BC
Where and when were goats domesticated
fetrile cresent and 8000 - 8500BC
Where and when were pigs domesticated
China
7500-8000BC
Where and when were cattle domesticated
- india
- 6000-7000BC
Need to know dates
- 1825 = 1 billion
- 1927 = 2 billion
- 1960 = 3 bil and green revo
est population for 2050
9.7 billion
what percentage of grain is fed to livestock
- 30-70%
how much global water use is for agriculture
80%
what did the green revolution involve
- irrigation
- mechanization
- improved crop varieties and disease resistance
- pesticides and fertilisers
- instiittutional arrangements (awareness)
what percentage of runoff and groundwater are used for water sources
runoff = 6%
groundwater = 94%
how much water does irriigation use
1000kl/ha/year
what is Ag2030 goal
to have $100billion per year value in agricultire
what is ANCERTA
Aus new zealand closer economic relations trade agreement
What is CPTPP
Comprehensive and progressive trans pacific partnership
what s RCEP
regional comprehensive economic partnership agreement
- largest
- 13 countries
compare intensive and extensive agriculture
intesive = smaller, fewer animals, more input costs, sell for more, coatsal and south
extensive = larger, more animals, fewer input costs, slower growth rates, northern Aus
percentage of emission from ag
- 24%
What is breeding 2.0
- mendelian genetics
- using breeding to influence genetics
inbred, hybrid, clones
inbred - self compatible
hybrid - not self compatible
clones - vegetatively propagated
what is true breeding
all offspring have same phenotype
- occurs after 6-7 generations
- gentically fixed(will be AA and aa only)
explain backcrossing
- take an existing good variety (P1) and cross with another species with a good trait.
- trait is transferred to the good exisiting vairety (P1) and select for this phenotype until it is constant
explain mutation
by how much is annual rainfall in South west expected to decrease by 2030
20-30%
7 options to improve food security from UN
- regulate commodities and larger cereal stocks
- remove subsiidies from first gen biofuels
- reduce cereals and fish in animal feed
- support farmers in eco-agriculture
- increase trade
- limit global warming
- raise awareness of population issues
