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ANS100 > AGRICULTURE ZONES AND HISTORY > Flashcards

AGRICULTURE ZONES AND HISTORY Flashcards

1
Q

Facts to know

A
  1. 1 in 7 people are chronically hungry
  2. 46 milion ha used for ag in Australia
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2
Q

how long has indigenous agriculture been sustainable

A

60,000 years

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3
Q

what did indigenous people eat

A
  • hunted, gathered, fished
  • food animals = kangaroo, wallaby etc
  • witchetty grubs
  • wild plants
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4
Q

what are the nyungar seasons

A
  1. birak (dec-jan)
  2. Bunuru (Feb-Mar)
  3. Djeran (April-May)
  4. Makuru (June-July)
  5. Djila (Aug-sept)
  6. Kambarang (Oct-Nov)
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5
Q

why has indigenous agriculture been so sustainable

A
  • low input/low output system
  • support relatively low populations
  • depend on carrying capacity of the land
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6
Q

define agriculture

A

practice of crop and animal production on organised land units

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7
Q

constraints of agriculture

A
  1. climate - temp, rainfall
  2. location - latitude
  3. soils - fertility, structure, pH
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8
Q

What are agricultural zones?

A

different regions of the landscape where different types of agriculture are practiced

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9
Q

what are the approaches to identifying ag zones?

A
  1. basic climate-based approach - classifying regions on climate
  2. crop/animal production system - classified on products
  3. farming systems - defined based on system
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10
Q

how does the farming systems model work to define ag zones?

A

defined based on:
1. available natural resources - climate, soil, water
2. Farm size and tenure basis
3. dominant farm activities and household livelihood patterns

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11
Q

define farming system

A

populations of farms that have similar resource bases, enterprise patterns, household livelihood and constraints, and strategies to deal with constraints

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12
Q

What are the seven farming systems

A
  1. irrigated - food, variable farm sizes
  2. rain-fed agriculture in humid high potential areas - dominant or mixed crop system, commercial horticulture
  3. rain-fed ag in steep highland regions - mixed crop - livestock production
  4. (most common) rainfed small-scale in dry or cold areas - mixed crop - pastoral systems
  5. large scale commercial farming systems - variety of ecologies with diverse production patterns
  6. coastal artisanal fishing and mixed farming
  7. urban-based farming - horticulture and intensive animal production
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13
Q

What influences the development of farming systems

A
  1. natural resources
  2. science and tech
  3. globalisation + market development
  4. information and human resources
  5. population pressures
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14
Q

what internal factors influenced evolution of farming systems

A
  1. household goals
  2. resource bases
  3. technologies adopted
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15
Q

what external factors influenced evolution of farming systems

A
  1. market development
  2. shifts in demand for produce
  3. ag policies
  4. availability of tech and knowledge
  5. economics
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16
Q

What are the 3 main agricultural zones in Aus

A
  1. high rainfall zone
  2. wheat-sheep zone
  3. pastoral zone
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17
Q

qualities of high rainfall ag zone

A
  • > 500mm rain per year
  • coastal, south-west WA, NSW, Tas
  • sloping land, surface water available
  • south = winter dominant rainfall pattern
  • north = NSW = summer
  • constraints = low temp or low moisture
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18
Q

What are the 2 high rainfall zone sectors

A
  1. sheep - beef and cropping
    - 6-9 month season
  2. dairy sector
    - 300 to 1000 cows milked per farm
    - irrigated or rain-fed pastures
    - high pasture yields
    - mild temps
    - long growing seasons = productive
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19
Q

Qualities of wheat-sheep zone

A
  • 33% of Aus output
  • 5-9 month season
  • cereal crop appropriate
  • 50-75% mixed farms of sheep and cereals
  • 200-600mm per year
20
Q

Qualities of pastoral zone

A
  • arid with low rainfall
  • native pastures - low stock rates, but large land area
  • high cost of transport, risky
  • North pastoral zone (beef) has low carrying capacity
  • South pastoral zone (beef + sheep) - 25% land area, 10% ag production, large property, native grasses
21
Q

what other activities occur in ag zones

A
  • sugar cane
  • irrigation (0.5% land area = 70% water)
  • horticulture
  • pigs
  • poultry
22
Q

define domestication, cultivation and farming

A

domestication - bringing plants or animals under human control by morphological and genetic changes

cultivation - intentional of soil for sowing of wild domesticated plants

farming - use of domesticated plants or animals for food + other resources

23
Q

what did our ancestors eat?

A
  • meat
  • fruits
  • fish
  • no cereals or dairy
24
Q

what strategies did ancestors use for food

A
  • scavenging
  • knowledge
  • refined tools
  • fire
25
Q

when and why did people begin growing food

A
  • domesticated food between 12,000 to 8000 BC in response to climate change, population pressure, improvements in tech and knowledge
26
Q

where did ag first develop

A
  • eastern US
  • Fertile Cresent
  • China
  • Ethipia
  • New Guinea
27
Q

What are the 8 major plant species food production depends on

A

wheat, rice, maize, barley, sorghum, millet, oats + rye and cereals

28
Q

what values do crop plants need to be

A
  • digestible
  • not toxic
  • nutritious
  • easy to prepare
  • amenable to cultivation
29
Q

Explain the crops grown in the Fertile Crescent

A
  • first crops = wheat, barley, peas, lentils and chickpeas
  • first grown between 10000 = 8000 BC
  • water was available here
  • mild climate
  • plants/animals suitable for domestication
  • abundant plants didnt need modification
  • wide range of altitudes available
30
Q

What are the 6 key characteristics for domesticated species

A
  1. herbivores or omnivores
  2. rapid growth
  3. easy to breed in captivity
  4. nice disposition
  5. calm
  6. live in herds
31
Q

what was the neolithic revolution?

A
  • new diet of cereal grains and vegetables, animal products
  • people stored food (trade + survival)
  • allowed people to culminate into villages as could stay in one spot
  • populations grew
32
Q

what challenges were there for the neolithic revolution

A
  • risk of famine
  • malnutrition
  • disease
33
Q

what was required for farming to develop

A
  • strict planting and harvest times
  • work schedules
  • team work
  • physical labour
  • controlled distribution of food
34
Q

what were some early farming innovations

A
  • digging sticks
  • animal powered ploughs
  • manure fertiliser
  • crop rotations
  • selective breeding
35
Q

how did social organisation improve agriculture

A
  • permanent housing = increased populations
  • this meant larger workforce
  • allowed systems to be made - govt.
  • regulated land ownership
36
Q

how did the traditional three-field crop rotation work?

A

field 1 - autumn planting of cereal grain
field 2 - spring planting of peas, beans and oats
field 3 - fallow field -> grazing animals

37
Q

what common system of crop rotation became common in 1800 in Europe?

A

the norfolk four-course system:

year 1 = wheat
year 2 = turnips, cattle and sheep fed in winter
year 3 = barley, clover, ryegrass
year 4 = clover and ryegrass

38
Q

What happened n the early 1800’s that caused ag to rise

A
  1. population reached 1 billion
  2. mechanised farm equipment
  3. animal consumption over cereals
  4. crop yields became sufficient to also export
39
Q

What happened in the 1900’s that caused ag to rise

A
  1. population reached 2 billion
  2. traction power meant larger farm, smaller farm numbers
  3. increased crop yields prioritised bc space was running out
  4. nitrogen fertiliser used
  5. pesticides used
40
Q

what happened in 1960 for agriculture

A
  • The GREEN REVOLUTION
  • population reached 3 billion
  • industrial methods well established
  • chemical use increased
  • industrial food-animal production increased
  • increased yield
41
Q

explain the green revolution

A
  • Norman Borlaug started it with wheat research to optimise yield
  • increased yields - irrigation, fertilisers, pesticides
  • increased tech use
  • materials supplied to farmers
  • food production was in pace with population growth
42
Q

compare and contrast traditional and modern food systems

A

Traditional:
- small scale
- locally based and luxury goods
- high proportion of population involved in agriculture
- within local boundaries
- exchanged controlled by families/social networking
- choice limited
- nutritional inequalities

Modern:
- large scale and specialised
- delocalised/global
- few of population connected
- international/global
- access governed by money and markets
- food always available at a price
- choice available
- nutritional inequalities

43
Q

what did ag include before the 1800’s?

A
  • plant and animal domestication began
  • tools and machinery developed
  • crop rotations and legumes for nitrogen
44
Q

what did ag involve after 1800’s?

A
  • application of genetic breeding
  • control of diseases
  • management of sol fertility
  • better water management
  • use of machinery
  • farming systems incorporated
  • international trade and marketing
45
Q

when were wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, oats and sugar cane domesticated

A

wheat = 9000BC, Fertile crescent
rice = 7500BC, China
maize = 3500 BC Mesoamerica
sorghum = 5000 BC, Sahel
oats = 6000 BC, W Europe
Sugar Cane = 7000 BC, New Guinea

46
Q

When and where were dogs, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, chickens and horses domesticated?

A

Dog = 14000 years ago, old world?
Sheep = 10, 700 YA “”
Goat = 9000 YA “”
Pig = 9000 YA “”
Cattle = 6500 YA, ‘’’
Chickens = 5,500 YA, India
Horse = 5000 YA, Old world

ANS100 (10 decks)

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