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ANS100 > Animal and Plant Production > Flashcards

Animal and Plant Production Flashcards

1
Q

Purposes of raising livestock

A
  • protein food source
  • produce fibre and fertiliser
  • to manage weeds
  • preserve an endangered breed or species
  • make money
  • love of animals
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2
Q

define animal science

A
  • care, management and production of domesticated animals
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3
Q

what are some animal systems

A
  • pasture system
  • animal system
  • grazing system
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4
Q

what are some issues with domestication

A
  • can’t survive in wild
  • poultry can’t fly well
  • sheep don’t shed wool
  • dairy cows produce >6000L milk/year (too much)
  • birds produce 250-300 eggs a year - too energy expensive
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5
Q

define wild, exotic, feral animal and breed

A

Wild animal = not genetically altered by selective breeding

Exotic Animal = animals not native to country

feral Animal = a domestic animal that lives in the wild with no human assistance

breed = a population of domestic animals, that the individual may vary in genotype and phenotype

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6
Q

what do consumers demand from animal food

A

Confidence factors - quality, safety
Ethical factors - environmental, conditions
Nutritional Factors - lean, low fat, source of nutrients
Economic factors - reasonable purchase price, value

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7
Q

what are animals used for

A
  • milk, eggs
  • fibre (materials)
  • by-products - bones, fat
  • work
  • stimulation
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8
Q

explain the process of food production chain

A
  • production
  • processing
  • distribution
  • restaurant
  • retail -> home prep -> home consumption
  • restaurant prep -> restaurant consumers
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9
Q

explain intensive management systems

A
  • smaller area
  • fewer animals
  • higher costs per hectare
  • high stock rate
  • sell for higher rates
  • coastal regions
  • Southern
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10
Q

explain extensive management systems

A
  • larger area
  • more animals
  • fewer input costs per hectare
  • slower growth rates
  • less labour
  • rangelands
  • northlands
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11
Q

What is selection of animals based on?

A
  • weight
  • individuality (temperament)
  • Pedigree and genetics (breeding value)
  • age
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12
Q

explain the four digestive groups

A
  1. mono-gastric - simple stomach (human, dog)
  2. Avian - gizzard (chicken)
  3. polygastric - ruminant (cow, sheep)
  4. pseudo-ruminants - cecum (horse, rabbit)
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13
Q

what are the quality factors of animal feed

A
  • palatability - how will it influence ability to produce products and grow
  • nutrient content
  • digestibility
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14
Q

what are three most important plant families

A
  1. poaceae (grasses)
  2. Fabaceae (legumes
  3. Solanaceae (potato)
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15
Q

how were genes manipulated before green revolution

A

breeding

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16
Q

what does the domestication of crop plants involve

A
  • removal or reduction of naturally toxic or allergenic compounds
17
Q

what is germplasm?

A

the genetic origins of plants. Need to obtain new germplasm from centres of origign of crop species

18
Q

what is Mendelian genetics

A
  • Gregor Mendel discovered inheritance patterns in 1850s
  • can breed specific attributes
19
Q

what are some other methods of attaining desirable plant varieties

A
  • crossbreeding
  • hybridisation
  • pedigree selection
  • marker assisted selection
  • population improvement
    = adaption and localisation
20
Q

monocot vs dicot plants

A

monocot = single cotyledon, leaf sheath, parallel veins, fibrous roots

dicot = two cotyledons, no leaf sheath, netlike veins, tap roots

21
Q

what nutrients do plants require

A

13 mineral nutrients
- N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, B, Mo, Cl

22
Q

what are desirable plant traits

A
  • high yeild
  • high quality
  • resistance to pests and disease
  • tolerance to abiotic stress
  • adaptability to specific environments
23
Q

what are the 4 categories of crop varieties (based on breeding)

A
  1. inbred lines -> self-fertilising
  2. hybrids -> self-compatible
  3. clones -> vegetatively propagated
  4. populations of plants -> a range of genotypes are combined to promote persistence
24
Q

single gene traits vs polygenes

A

single = trait determined by presence of one or a few genes
poly = overall trait is defined by the sum of actions of each individual minor genes

25
Q

what is F1 hybrids

A
  • if a “male” plant is sterile it is cross pollinate to generate F1 hybrid seeds
26
Q

what is backcrossing

A

improving a good existing variety (P1) by trying to transfer a specific property from another line or related species (P2) -> breeding P1 with P2

27
Q

what is mutation breeding

A

using gamma rays/ chemical mutagens to modify properties

28
Q

when was transgenics implemented

A

1966

29
Q

what are the limitations of traditional breeding

A
  • limited to species that can be crossed
  • polygenic traits
  • complex traits
  • hard to ID useful mutants
  • timescales
30
Q

advantages of new breeding tech

A
  • not limited to source genetic material
  • speed up selection for conventional breeding
  • ## introduce specific genes/traits

ANS100 (10 decks)

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