CLIMATE CHANGE - ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION Flashcards

1
Q

facts to know

A

annual emissions of CO2 increased by 18% from agriculture, but decreased by 14% for land usage in Aus
- agriculture = 80% global water use

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2
Q

what are some options for climate change

A
  1. adapt
  2. reduce emissions (mitigate)
    - reduce total energy use
    - shift to other sources
    - store carbon in the ground
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3
Q

direct vs indirect impacts of climate change on forests

A

direct = drought and wind throw
indirect = pests and disease + fire risks

Also,
- collapse of ecosystems and biodiv
- water balance

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4
Q

direct impacts on water

A
  • reduced run off
  • reduced water available for crops
  • increased water use efficiency
  • floods with extreme weather
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5
Q

what is included in an adaptation plan

A
  1. timescale
  2. to what scale
  3. participants
  4. stockholders
  5. resources
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6
Q

4 types of adaptive responses

A
  1. technological
  2. behavioural (changed food and recreational choices)
  3. managerial (altered farming practices)
  4. policy (planning regulations)
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7
Q

what are some agricultural adaptive responses to climate change

A
  • variation in planting time
  • crop management
  • new crops
  • farming systems
  • water management
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8
Q

carbon mitigations using land

A
  1. reduce emissions by retaining existing C in forests
  2. increase carbon stocks - C into soils and biomass
  3. replace fossil fuel emissions with bioenergy
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9
Q

at what level should carbon be stabilised at?

A

500ppm CO2

bu Aus aims for 153 Mt CO2 per year

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10
Q

what are some bioenergy strategies

A
  1. direct combustion - combusting wastes instead of wasting them
  2. second generation - using alternative transport fuels
  3. BECCS - bioenergy and carbon capture storage
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11
Q

how is salinity offset?

A

-adding clays to sandy soils
- restoring catchments

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12
Q

what drives agriculture intesification?

A
  1. population growth
  2. intensification of diets (30-70% world grain fed to livestock) - desire for clean food
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13
Q

how can we improve food production

A
  • better variety
  • increase input
  • adapt to climate change
  • increase irrigation efficiency
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14
Q

what are the aims of intensification

A
  • increase yields sustainably
  • maintain evrio values
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15
Q

are some water sources

A
  1. precip
  2. surface water (6%) catchments
  3. groundwater (94%) - aquifers
  4. basins
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16
Q

why do we use irrigation?

A
  • to avoid water logging
  • to optimise water use and quality
17
Q

methods of irrigation

A
  1. flood/furrow
  2. trickle
  3. spray
18
Q

methods of irrigation management

A
  • water efficient crops
  • water buudgeting
  • salinity management
  • drip irrigation
19
Q

equation for water balance

A

change = inputs - outputs

in = rainfall, irrigation
out = crop water use, evap, drainage

20
Q

what is soil monitoring for

A
  • improve efficiency
  • reduce costs
  • reduce leaching of nutrients
  • reduce salt buurden