Struggle for independence

Question 1

Unification (2)

Answer 1

Print culture made possible for community unification - also unified by anti-colonial sentiment 2) length of struggle lead to strength - 70 yrs in India

Question 2

Western education leadership (4)

Answer 2

Western ideas impacted leaders - Gandhi and Nehru studied law in England - both western dressed initially. Nehru impacted by science and tech. 2) Ho Chi Minh - attended French National Academy - impacted by French socialist ideas 3) Sukarno - Dutch elementary school 4) distanced from masses due to elite education - made efforts to re-familiarise by travelling etc

Question 3

Nationalism appearing

Answer 3

due to introduction of liberalism through education of British

Question 4

Reframing Western political ideas (2)

Answer 4

Sun Yat Sen - 3 fold political divison of legislature, senate and judiciary combined with chinses idea of bureaucracy 2) Sukarno - guided democracy - native democracy even though borrowed idea

Question 5

Rejection Western ideals (3)

Answer 5

Gandhi rejected dress, biomedicine, science and tech. 2) go back to village communites 3) Hind Swiraj (1909) - machinery had impoverished India

Question 6

Westernisation (2)

Answer 6

Turkey - Ataturk’s reforms - replaced islamic law with European legal codes 2) Introduced western surnames - banned Turkish fez

Question 7

Revolutionary Path (2)

Answer 7

Ho Chi Minh - turned back on liberal nationalism - went to recieve revolutionary techniques in Moscow - created Vietnamese communist party in 1930 2) Mao Tse Tung - readapted socialist ideas to Chinese context - peasantry as leaders of revolution

Question 8

Beyond nationalism

Answer 8

Other struggles - anti caste movement - Ambedkar 2) rise of religious identities and rivalries - India - partition 3) Rwanda - Hutu and Tutsi - colonisers agreed Tutsi were outsiders 4) Internal struggles united but reappeared after decolonisation - genocide