Republican revolutions

Question 1

What is a republic revolution?

Answer 1

Power resides in people not gov or king etc

Question 2

Contradictions of who the people were…(3)

Answer 2

power often centralised - representative mechanism 2) debate over who the people were - often limits on popular sovereignity (who can and cannot vote) 3)revolutions not always democractic

Question 3

Overview of Russian, China and Ottoman Empires (4)

Answer 3

1) tsar - expands into central asia and pacific 2)controlled by Qing dynasty - multiple kingship- doubled in size after taking Tibet - regions had autonomy3)controlled large parts of Europe - under loose control of Sultan 4)large - land based - expansionist - multi ethnic

Question 4

Causes of wars (2)

Answer 4

War led to revolution - subjects questioned whether rulers had mandate rule from heaven due to defeats 2) russo japanese 1905, russo turkish 1878, china opium wars

Question 5

Call for reform (4)

Answer 5

Due to defeat - call for modernisation and reform - survival of the fittest 2) turkey - secularized law - banned religous law - state rule -developed transport 3)russia - freed serfs, universalised conscription 4) china - centralisation - new tech - ministries to control domains

Question 6

Problems with reforms (3)

Answer 6

1) modernisation not cheap - funded by squeezing peasantry in Russia due to powerful landlords - potential allies among revolutionaires 2) raises expectations among intellectuals - educated abroad 3)reveal structural weakness of state

Question 7

Overview of revolutions (3)

Answer 7

1) 1908 -dissolution of macedonia in ottoman empire - officers worried about dissolution of empire - joined with young turks and military - sultan stepped down 2)china - conspirators accidentally set fire - found membership of radicals - mutiny of army and triggered revolutionairies - emperor abdicates 1912 3) 1905 - economic discontent - protests - 1,000 demonstraters killed - army mutiny - duma created

Question 8

Who were revolutionaires?

Answer 8

Middle class who expected better - wanted stronger national state - revolution seemed potent - french revolution

Question 9

Problem of revolutionaires

Answer 9

ignored social issues like distribution of economic power in city and countryside by focussing on politics 2) problem of defining who people were and drawing boundaries - genocide of armenians ww1