Structures and Functions in Living Organisms Flashcards
Organelles
Specialised subcellular structures found within living cell
Cells
basic structural unit of a living organism
Tissue
group of cells with similar structures, working to preform same function
Organs
Group of tissues working together
Organ System
group of organs with similar functions, working together to preform bodily functions
Found in animal cells
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosome
found in plant only
chloroplasts
permeant vacuole
cell wall
name 3 specialised cells
nerve cell
sperm cell
egg cell
red blood cell
Sperm cell
- Carry male’s DNA .
- long head and long tail to aid swimming
- many mitochondria (energy)
- Acrosome has digestive enzymes which breakdown outer membrane of egg
Nerve cell
- axon is long (carry impulses)
- nerve endings contain mitochondria supply energy to neurotransmitters
Root hair cell
- take up water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport
- large surface due to root hairs
- mitochondria
Xylem cell
- take water up the plants roots to shoots
Phloem
- carry photosynthesis to all parts of plants
Adult stem cell
found in bone marrow they can form many types of cells
Embryonic stem cell
form when egg and sperm form a zygote.
differentiate into any type of cell.
scientists can clone them
Meristems in plants
found in roots and shoots.
differentiate into any type of plants.
used to make clones of the plants
3 benefits that come from stem cells
- replace damage cells eg diabetes and paralysis caused by spinal cord
- bone marrow transplants treat blood cell cancers
- grow whole organs for transplants
- no rejection
3 risks from stem cells
- ethical issues to destroying embryos
- no guarantees on long term effects
- mutations
difficult to find suitable stem cell donors
Carbohydrates are made of what?
made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. break down to simple sugars
Proteins
made from carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorous.
break down into amino acids
Lipids
made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
break down into 3 fatty acids
carbs break down into?
Simple sugars
protein breaks down into?
Amino acids
Lipids break down into?
3 fatty acids and glycerol
Test for glucose
Benedict’s solution
turns brick red if glucose is present
stays blue if none
Test for starch
Iodine solution
if starch is present turns blue-black
if not present remain brown
Test for protien
Biuret solution
if protein present turns purple
if not present remain blue
Test for fat
add ethanol to distilled water
if fats present milky white emulsion
if not present remain colourless
What is a biological catalysts?
A substance that increases the rate of reaction
Lock and key hypothesis
the shape of the substrate is complementary to the shape of the active sight, so they bond to form an enzyme-substrate complex. the reaction takes place and products are released from the surface of the enzyme
Temperature effects on enzymes
optimum temp is 37 degrees.
rate of reaction increases with increases in temp.
if it becomes to hoy it will break and denatured the enzyme to no longer work.
Effect pH has on enzymes
optimum pH for most enzymes is 7.
If pH is too high or too low, the forces that hold amino acid chains that make up proteins will be affected.
will denatured
