Structures Flashcards
plant used to process animal wastes or manure to produce biogas and sludge consisting of an inlet/mixing tank, digester, gas chamber and outlet/sludge tank
biogas plant
biogas plant where the digester and gas chamber form one unit
integrated plant
digester and gas chamber form separate units
split type plant
plant with series of digesters
multi digester
plant consisting of digester and a moving, floating gasholder that either float directly in the
fermenting slurry or in a separate water jacket
floating type
closed digester with an immovable, rigid gas chamber and a displacement pit
fixed type
plant consisting of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining digester and gasholder
balloon type
holding tank; chamber where manure and water are collected, stored and separated from heavy and nonbiodegradable materials before feeding them into the digester
collecting tank
serves as conveyor of the manure-water mixture or slurry from the mixing tank to the
digester
inlet pipe
any water and air tight container designed for the process of anaerobic microbiological
degradation of organic matter into which the slurry is introduced for digestion and
methanization
digester
division in the digester that prevent the slurry from premature exit into the sludge/outlet tank
baffle board
agitator; mechanical device inside the digester used to stir the slurry
stirrer
space inside or outside the digester for the collection and storage of biogas
gas chamber
cantilever beam that holds the gasholder/movable cover in position at the desired biogas
pressure
gas holder retainer
serves as conveyor where the effluent or the slurry is forced out
outlet pipe
layer of compacted soil and gravel to support the digester wall
backfill
amount of slurry fed per unit volume of digester capacity per day
loading rate
organic material used to produce biogas
substrate
adding or introducing anaerobic bacteria to the digester
seeding
mixture of manure and water
slurry
difference in height between the digester wall and the filling line
freeboard
level of slurry when the digesters is at full load
filling line
average period that a given quantity of slurry is retained in the digester for digestion
retention time
materials that inhibit the normal growth of pathogens in the digester such as mineral ions, heavy metals and detergents
toxic materials
various processes that take place among the methanogens, non-methanogens and
substrates fed into the digester as inputs
methanization
anaerobic bacteria that act upon organic materials and in the process, produce biogas
methanogens
temperature range of 20 oC – 40 oC where mesophilic bacteria operates
mesophilic
temperature range
amount of biogas produced per day per cubic meter of slurry
gas production rate
mixture of gas (composed of 50 to 70 percent methane and 30 to 40 percent carbon dioxide)
produced by methanogenic bacteria
biogas
layer of floating material (mainly fibrous) on the slurry
scum
settled portion or precipitate of the slurry; a mud-like, semi-solid mass
sludge
residue that comes out at the outlet after the substrate is digested/processed inside the
digester
effluent
area with its physical facilities used for carabao fattening
Cattle feedlot
Philippine water buffalo or swamp buffalo
carabao
breeding male of any age
bull
young male or female cattle under one year of age
calf
mature female cattle that has already calved
cow
female cattle between two to three years of age which has not given birth
heifer
enclosure for confining and handling livestock
corral
pen for confining animals from the pasture
holding pen
pen used to funnel cattle into the working chute
crowding pen
chute leading the cattle from the crowding pen to the holding chute/squeeze
working chute
use to restrain animals
holding chute
chute used to load cattle from working chute or crowding pen to a vehicle
loading chute
building for fabrication, repair and maintenance of tools, implements, equipments and parts of structures and provides a place where tools, supplies and spare parts are stored
workshop
area to protect machinery from weather, theft, vandalism and to allow easy maintenance
and adjustment of machines
machinery shed
substances on farms that are highly flammable or poisonous
hazardous material
storage in an artificial atmosphere in which the proportion of carbon dioxide and/or oxygen
is precisely controlled
controlled
atmosphere storage
produce is piled in room-sized bins, which exerts forces that must be resisted by the building
walls
bulk storage
produce is placed in boxes or pallet bins which in turn are stacked in storage room
pallet bin storage
low portable platform made of wood or metal or plastic or in combination to facilitate
handling, storage, or transport of materials as a unit load using a forklift
pallet
storage structure with continuously wetted walls
drip cooler
coarse cloth made of jute, flax or hemp
burlap
storage provided with good ventilation
air cooled
materials used to prevent migration of moisture into a storage area
vapor barrier
individual divisions in a carton formed by fiberboard dividers, each cell to contain one fruit
cell pack
cartons in which the cover is separate and fits snugly over the bottom part
telescopic cartons
structure that provide a reliable enclosure within which an environment favorable to plant
growth can be attained
greenhouse
method of greenhouse construction where modular roof units are connected at the eave by a common gutter
ridge and furrow
greenhouse
removal of heat from the interior of the greenhouse
cooling
addition of heat to the interior of the greenhouse from any energy source including the sun
heating
prevents excess solar radiation in the greenhouse
shading
process of exchanging air inside the greenhouse with outside air to control temperature,
humidity, oxygen or carbon dioxide levels
ventilation
ventilation of greenhouse using fans
mechanical
ventilation
ventilation of greenhouse which occurs through controlled openings due to natural pressure variations inside and outside the greenhouse
natural ventilation
materials that are placed around the brooder stoves to prevent the chicks from straying too far away from the heat supply until they learn the source of heat
brooder guard
process of supplying heat to the chicks after hatching up to the time that their natural heat
regulatory mechanisms becomes fully functional
brooding
material used as bedding for animals
litter
long and narrow type of houses wherein at least one-half of the front and the back of the
house are open
open sided housing
house wherein inside conditions are maintained as near as possible to the bird’s optimum requirements with the use of mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting
enclosed housing
A type of housing where animals are free to move between resting, feeding and watering areas
loose housing
one to two year old cattle of either sex
yearling
act of giving birth except for swine
parturition
mature male goat
buck
mature female goat that has kidded
doe
doe without milk
dry doe
young goat under six months old of either sex
kid
mature female sheep that has already lambed
ewe
sheep under six months of age
lamb
mature male sheep
ram
type of flooring utilizing the most commonly available materials such as rice hull and rice straw and wood shavings over the cemented floor
litter type
type of flooring with openings to facilitate cleaning of the droppings
slotted type
combination of slotted and litter type flooring wherein slats cover 60% of the total floor area and 40% is covered with litter.
slotted litter type
large nesting boxes for 3 - 6 layers
community nest
refers to a male breeding swine which is at least 8 months old
boar
place for piglets inside the farrowing pen
creep area
rate of removing undesirable or unproductive animals within the herd
culling rate
unbred sows which have just been weaned; non-pregnant sows
dry sows
act of giving birth in swine
farrowing
area in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods, but in which the sow
can turn around
farrowing pen
device in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods and which prevents sow from turning around
farrowing stall
swine raised for meat production usually starts at 15 kg
fattener
swine which are 66 kg and up
finisher
female swine that has not farrowed
gilt
swine from 40 to 65 kg
grower
piglets born in one farrowing
litter
average number of farrowings of one sow per year
litter index
number of days an animal stays in a pen
occupancy
any breeding female pig that has farrowed
sow
piglet that has been recently separated from its mother
weaner
any premise or yard used for the confinement of animals awaiting to be slaughtered which include unloading ramp, pens and detention pens
lairage
refers to sheep, goat, and deer
small animals
refers to cattle and carabao
large animals
separate compartment in the lairage used to confine sick or suspected animals
detention pen
animals are free to move in a pen while awaiting to be slaughtered
loose type
pugnacious animals are tied within the pen while awaiting to be slaughtered
tie up type
any building or place used for killing of animals where the flesh is intended for human
consumption
slaughterhouse
building or a portion of building where milking occurs but where no animals are housed
milking parlor
area provided to accommodate animals before milking
holding area
type of stall where animals must back up to exit the stall
back out stall
type of stalls that allows the animals to proceed directly forward after milking is completed
walk through
growth of protoplasts, cells, tissues, shoot tips, roots, anthers, embryos, flowers and
meristems in a laboratory medium
tissue culture
any nutrient material prepared for the growth and cultivation plant tissue
culture medium
process of making any material entirely free from living microorganism
sterilization
condition that describes the freedom of plant materials, culture medium, confines of the
culture vessel from contaminating microorganisms
asepsis
subjecting of cultures to conditions favorable to the growth of the plant tissue
incubation
flow air currents in which air currents do not intermingle
laminar flow
body of dressed birds
carcass
process composed of bleeding, defeathering, eviscerating, and from which the head, shanks,
crop, oil gland and other inedible parts are removed
dressing
by-products, organs, glands and tissue other than meat of the food animal
offal
process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities
evisceration
process of restraining birds prior to slitting
shackling
trough that collects the waste from a larger area and directs the flow to a drain opening
trench drain
product handling which include steps to make a harvested commodity more suitable for
manufacturers or consumers
primary processing
process of classifying into groups according to a set of recognized criteria of quality and size, each group bearing an accepted name and size grouping
grading
process of classifying into sizes according to criteria that may or may not be recognized or
accepted by the industry
sizing
Process of classifying into groups designated by the person classifying the produce either according to a set of criteria or whatever criteria he may set
sorting
ratio of the volume of air that enters a room to the volume of air of the empty room
air change ratio
process of determining whether the grade standards have been interpreted or enforced
properly by inspecting random samples usually of predetermined amount large enough to give an indication of the correctness of the grading procedure
inspection
process to ensure adequate protection and safe delivery of a product from the producer to
the ultimate consumer
packaging
compartment which is suitable for confining only one animal at a time while it is being
stunned and which is so constructed as to confine, without discomfort, to prevent any substantial movement of the animal forward, backward or sideway
stunning pen
renders an animal insensible before it is killed
stunning
insertion of a rod or coiled wire through the hole in the skull of cattle made by the captive
blot to destroy the brain and spinal cord to prevent reflex muscular action and possible injury to operatives
pithing
severance of the major blood vessels in the neck or immediately anterior to the heart by means of a knife and “stuck” shall be construed accordingly.
sticking
remove as much blood from the carcass as possible before further handling
bleeding
lowering of animal into steam to prepare skin for dehairing
scalding
removal of the hair of the carcass
dehairing
suspending the carcass for particular operation
gambrelling
cleaning the carcass by burning the hair
singeing
preparation of carcass after evisceration, ready for storage or sale
dressing
dividing carcass into parts
splittng
all parts including viscera of slaughtered cattle, sheep, goats or swine that may be used for
human consumption
carcass
edible part of the muscle of cattle, sheep, goats or swine
meat
digestive tract of ruminants such as the stomach, or the intestines which still contain fecal matter
green offal
digestive tract of swine such as the stomach, or the intestines which still contain fecal matter
black offal
meat requiring further examination as declared by a veterinary inspector after veterinary
examination
detained meat
meat which is unfit for human consumption as declared by a veterinary inspector after
veterinary examination
condemned meat
black or green offal
gut and tripe
building used for storing paddy or rice and other grains in bags
warehouse
storing of paddy or corn kernels in bags usually made of jute (gunny) or polyethylene and normally accommodates 44-50 kilos
bag storage
paddy; rough rice; unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is grain with the hull/husk enclosing the grain
palay
process of using chemicals to control insects in grains in a form of fumes
fumigation
amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total weight of the sample,
wet basis
moisture content
pallet; wooden frames used on concrete floors for stacking bags to prevent direct contact
between the grains and the floor
dunnage
moving of air through stored grains at low airflow rates (generally between 0.07 – 0.28 cubic meter per minute per ton) for purposes other than drying, to maintain or improve its quality
aeration
requires free oxygen
aerobic
consist of liquid waste and slurry resulting from the production of livestock and poultry; and processing of crops, livestock and poultry
agricultural liquid
waste
presence of free oxygen is not required
anaerobic
runoff not contaminated with manure such as runoff from roofs, grassed areas, drives and
other areas which are not animal alleys
clean runoff
process of killing all pathogenic microorganisms
disinfection
part of total solids passing through the filter in a filtration procedure
dissolved solids
liquid waste, partially or completely treated, flowing out of a reservoir, basin, or wastewater treatment plant
effluent
lagoons that can function as aerobic or anaerobic depending on the environment
facultative lagoons
part of total solids remaining after volatile gases driven off at 600oC
fixed solids
non-biodegradable component of liquid waste composed of sand, gravel, cinders or other
heavy solid materials
grit
storage where liquid waste is stored before final disposal
holding pond
liquid that flows into a containing space
influent
pit in the ground where liquid waste is stored to produce a higher quality effluent
lagoon
system of clay layers and/or geosynthetic membranes used to contain leachate and reduce
or prevent contaminant flow to groundwater
liners
rainfall containing animal manure
lot runoff
accumulated moist animal excrement that does not undergo decomposition or drying; it include feces and urine which may be mixed with bedding material, spilled feed or soil
manure
microorganism capable of causing diseases
pathogenic
microorganism
treatment that causes substances in liquid waste to readily settle or float
primary treatment
treatment used to convert dissolved or suspended materials into a form more readily separated from the liquid waste being treated
secondary treatment
precipitate resulting from coagulation or sedimentation of liquid waste
sludge
watery mixture of insoluble solid
slurry
solids removed by filtration
suspended solids
residue remaining after water is removed from waste material by evaporation
total solids
part of total solids driven off as volatile gases when heated to 600oC
volatile solid
wastes resulting from the production and processing of crops and animals or agricultural products, including manures with at least 20% solids, pruning and crop residues wherever produced
agricultural solid
waste
any item used to improve the compost structure and to increase porosity to allow internal air movement
bulking agent
weight ratio of carbon to nitrogen
c:n ratio
mixture of an organic waste with amendment(s) or bulking agent(s) in the proper
proportions to promote aerobic microbial activity and growth and to achieve optimum
temperatures
compost mix
controlled decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product
composting
any item added to the compost mixture that alters the moisture content, C:N ratio, or pH
composting
amendment
process where fungi digest the carbons not degraded during composting and further stabilize the nutrients
curing
site where solid waste is finally discharged and deposited
disposal site
shall refer to the liquid produced when waste undergo decomposition, and when water percolate through solid waste undergoing decomposition; contaminated liquid that contains
dissolved and suspended materials
leachate
interim containment of solid waste after generation and prior to collection for ultimate
recovery or disposal
storage
involves the arrangement of compost mix in long, narrow piles or windrows that are
periodically turned to maintain aerobic conditions
windrow composting
granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, crushed and uncrushed stone or light weight materials
aggregates
the suitable material used to replace other materials removed during construction
backfill
the layer of aggregate, soil-treated aggregate, treated soil, or soil aggregate that rests upon the Subbase or if no Subbase, upon the sub-grade.
base course
the suitable material used for embankments
borrow
removal and disposal of trees, vegetation or other unwanted materials from the ground
surface
clearing
structure, including supports, erected over a depression or an obstruction, such as water, a
highway, or a railway; having a roadway or track for carrying traffic or other moving loads
bridge
application of pressure to aggregates to result in a dense mass free of excessive voids.
compaction
structural component of specified thickness. It may consist of one layer or more
course
drainage structure that may or may not, directly support and that extends across and
beneath a highway street, driveway, alley, arterial, or other public way
culvert
product resulting from the mechanical crushing of gravel, with substantially all fragments
having at least one face resulting from fracture
crushed gravel
removal of water from the road area by the use of culverts, ditches, channels and other
several structures
drainage
operations connected with excavating and placing embankments with soil, earth or rock
earthwork
protection of soil from disclosing by water, wind, or other agent
erosion control
act of cutting, digging, or scooping to remove material
excavation
determination of the degree of compactness of the soil
field density test
the embankment material placed above natural ground line
fill
access roads that connect major road arteries to the agricultural production areas where farm produce are being mobilized and transported to the market by the farmers and
fishermen
farm to market roads
slope of a roadway, channel, or natural ground
grade
property of a soil which describes the distribution of size groups
gradation
rate of increase or decrease in the level of the land, the slope expressed in percentage
gradient
preparation of the sub-grade, in line and elevation, for application of pavement materials including base and surfacing materials
grading
removal and disposal of trees, and other unwanted materials below the ground surface
grubbing
roadway, which is divided into two (2) or more clearly marked lanes for vehicular traffic
lane roadway
form of stone, brick, concrete block, concrete, or other similar building materials that have
been bonded together with mortar to form a structure
masonry
earth roadway, which one way is a clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic
one lane earth road
gravel roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic
one lane gravel road
asphalt pavement roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic
one lane asphalt
pavement road
concrete roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic
one lane concrete
road
quarried stone especially selected, graded and placed to prevent erosion and thereby
preserve the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure
riprap
graded portion of a highway between top and side slopes, prepared as a foundation for the pavement structure and shoulder
road bed
space/location/site intended to employ traffic consideration for the transport of agricultural
products
roadway
travel way or crown portion of the roadway intended for the movement of vehicles, exclusive
of shoulders
road carriageway
lateral design width for one lane or two lanes strip of roadway
road carriageway
width
raised structure of soil, soil aggregate, sand or rock
roadway
embankment
part of the roadway next to the traveled way or auxiliary lanes that provide lateral support of
base and surface courses and is an emergency stopping area for vehicles
road shoulder
saving of different existing materials from the projects which are removed and intended to be used in other construction
salvage materials
written technical description of materials, equipment, construction systems, standards, and workmanship that, in conjunction with the drawings, detail the requirements for acceptable
completion of the work
specifications
refer to the bridges, culverts, wall, buildings, foundations, water tanks, transmission towers, cribbing, caissons or coffer dams, other similar features which may be encountered in the work and are classified as structures
structures
refers to the layer of the specified or selected materials of designated thickness in a
pavement structure immediately above the sub-grade and below the base course
subbase course
vehicular and non-vehicular movement along a route such as pedestrians, vehicles, animals, etc.
traffic
a widened, unobstructed shoulder area, about 30 meters long, that may be used for
emergency purposes or allow slow-moving vehicles to pull out of the carriageway to give
passing opportunity to following or incoming vehicles
turn out section
roadbed upon which the pavement structures is placed (subgrade)
earth road
upper portion of material which act as foundation Subbase course (subgrade)
gravel road
concrete pavement roadway, on which two lanes are marked for vehicular traffic
two lane concrete
pavement road
top surface of the roadbed upon which the pavement is placed (subgrade)
bituminous, concrete
road
earth roadway, which two(2) ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic
two lane earth road
gravel roadway, which two (2) ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic
two lane gravel road
asphalt pavement roadway, which two ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic
two lane asphalt
pavement road
