Production Machinery Flashcards
consists of parts and services provided by the manufacturers/ distributors/ dealers to the end user to ensure continuous serviceability of agricultural machinery
after-sales services
consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-operated machines, implements, and other equipment primarily used for agricultural operations
agricultural machinery
authorized representative of distributors and/or manufacturers to supply, trade, sell and
service agricultural machinery to end-users
dealer
trading entity authorized by foreign and local suppliers and/or manufacturers to distribute agricultural machinery to dealers
distributor
Philippine-based, foreign or Filipino-owned, manufacturing entity involved in the
production and distribution of agricultural machinery
manufacturer
guarantee; expressed assurance of the quality of the materials and workmanship of the
products offered for sale or length of satisfactory use to be expected from a product under
normal use
warranty
trailer designed to carry load for agricultural purposes without power of its own
agricultural trailer
gross weight; sum of payload and unladen mass of the trailer expressed in tons
gross load
vertical distance between the ground and the lowest point of the trailer
ground clearance
brake actuated by a compressive force in the hitch between a trailer and the towing
tractor used to decelerate a moving trailer
over-run brake
brake actuated by a pedal or lever to keep the trailer in stationary or parked position
parking brake
net weight; uniformly distributed maximum safe load which can be transported by the
trailer expressed in tons
payload
brake actuated by a pedal or lever to decelerate and stop a moving trailer
service brake
tare weight; mass of a trailer with all its usual fittings but without any load
unladen mass
horizontal distance between foremost and rearmost axles or wheels measured at the
center of the ground contact
wheel base
wheel track; distance between the outermost wheels at the same axle measured at the
center of ground contact
wheel tread
agricultural trailer whose total load is supported by at least two axles with four or more
wheels when detached from the towing tractor
balanced trailer
agricultural trailer with one axle and two wheels which, while in use, part of its load is
transferred to the towing tractor and the rest of the load is carried on its axle
semi-trailer
total static load supported by the wheels on the respective axle
axle load
hitch point of the trailer’s pullbar to be attached to the towing tractor
tow eye
discharge at maximum efficiency
capacity
type of pump with impellers rotating inside a closed casing which draws water into the
pump through a central inlet opening and forces water out through a discharge outlet at
the periphery of the housing by means of centrifugal force
centrifugal pump
turbine pump; type of centrifugal pump wherein the impeller is surrounded by diffuser
vanes
diffuser pump
type of centrifugal pump with a casing made in the form of a spiral or volute curve
volute pump
quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy content of the liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary datum
head
performance characteristic required of the pump and is the NPSH at the pump inlet
net positive suction
head required (NPSHR)
device used to lift or transfer water from one source to another
pump
ratio of the power output to the power input of the pump
pump efficiency
filling up the pump with water to displace or evacuate the entrapped air through a vent
and create a liquid seal inside the casing
priming
power required to drive the pump shaft
shaft power
theoretical power required for pumping
water power
type of pump has an impeller which has suction cavity on one side.
single suction
type of pump has an impeller which has suction cavity on both sides
double suction
pump has a vertical impeller mounted on a horizontal shaft
horizontal centrifugal
pump
has a horizontal impeller mounted on a vertical shaft
vertical centrifugal
pump
pump is one that needs to be manually primed. The system has to be filled initially by
pouring water into the pipes from a bucket and thereafter the footvalve will keep water in
the system even after the pump is not used for some time.
non-self priming
one that develops a vacuum sufficiently enough for atmospheric pressure to force the
liquid to flow through the suction pipe into the pump casing without priming the pump.
self-priming pump
type of pump which develop most of the suction and discharge head by propelling or
lifting action of the impeller vanes on the water
axial flow pump
datum elevation; for horizontal shaft pumps, the distance from the level of water source
to the centerline of the pump shaft; for vertical single suction pumps
base plane
formation of cavities filled with water vapor due to local pressure drop and collapse as
soon as the vapor bubbles reach regions of high pressure
cavitation
equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by the flow through the pipe
and pipe fittings
friction head
type of pump which combines some of the features of both centrifugal and the axial flow
pump and in which head is developed partly by the centrifugal force and partly by the lift
of the vanes on the water
mixed flow pump
total suction head determined at the suction nozzle (corrected to pump center line) minus
the vapor pressure of water at the pumping temperature
net positive suction
head-NPSH
NPSH as determined from the actual suction piping conditions
net positive suction
head available (NPSHA)
curve which represents the interrelationship between capacity, head, power, NPSH and
efficiency of the pump
performance curve
vertical distance from the centerline of the pump to the discharge water level
static discharge head
vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of the pump - NOTE It
exists when the source of water supply is above the center line of the pump.
static suction head
vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of the pump - NOTE It
exists when the source of water supply is below the centerline of the pump.
static suction lift
sum of static discharge head, friction, and exit losses in the discharge piping plus the
velocity head and pressure head at the point of discharge
total discharge head
measure of energy increase imparted to the water by the pump and the algebraic
difference between the total discharge head and total suction head
total head
vertical distance from the center line of the pump to the free level of the water to be
pumped minus all friction losses in suction pipe and fittings, plus any pressure head
existing on the suction supply
total suction head
sum of static suction lift, friction and entrance losses in the suction piping
total suction lift
pressure expressed in meters required to create the velocity of flow
velocity head
implement consisting of two or four gangs of concave steel discs used for additional
pulverization, mixing of pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, leveling and firming the soil,
closing of air pockets and eradication of weeds
disc harrow
set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and separated by a spool
gang
circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil
concave head
transverse distance between two adjacent disc edges
disc spacing
consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which throw the soil in
opposite directions
single-action disc
harrow
consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows behind the front gangs
tandem disc harrow
consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle and the
harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor centerline
offset disc harrow
structure on which the gangs are fitted
frame
angle between the axis of gang and the line perpendicular to the direction of motion
gang angle
mechanism by which the gang angles are adjusted
gang angling
mechanism
shaft on which a set of concave discs are fitted
gang axle
portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to the power source
hitch
angle between the axes of two adjacent gangs
included angle
component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave side of the disc
scraper
disc angle; angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is
perpendicular to the direction of travel
side angle
flanged tube mounted on gang axle and placed between two discs to prevent the lateral
movement of the discs on the shaft
spool
transverse distance between the top or bottom cutting edges of the end discs
width of cut - disc plow
rolling implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil (furrow
slice) to bury surface materials
disc plow
self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles designed to carry, pull or propel
agricultural implements and machines
four-wheel tractor
unplowed portion of the field at both ends of the furrow strip initially used for turning the
draft animal/tractor and implement
headland
sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil (furrow
slice) to bury surface materials
moldboard plow
angle made by the disc with the vertical line
tilt angle
two-wheel tractor; hand tractor; pedestrian tractor; self-propelled machine having a single
axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and
machinery
walking-type
agricultural tractor
distance measured from the wing of share to the point of share
width of cut -
moldboard plow
circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil
concave disc
vertical distance measured from the lowest point to the center of the disc when its
concave side is placed on a flat surface
concavity
beam; upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame
standard
structural assembly which is used to drill holes for the purpose of water-well construction
drilling rig
serves as an adaptor of the drill bit and conduit of water jet channel
drilling pipe
bit attached to the end of the drilling pipe which is directly in contact with the soil
formation and serves as cutting device during drilling operation
drill bit
structure which supports the entire drilling system
main rig assembly
jetting stem; light weight pipes used during high velocity flow (jetting) operation
surging stem
current, in amperes, that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use
without exceeding its temperature rating
ampacity
switch; device, or group of devices, or other means by which the electric motor can be
disconnected from the power supply
disconnecting means
time rating; refers to how frequently the motor is started and how long it will run each
time it is started
duty rating
machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy
electric motor
case or housing which prevents the operator from accidental contact with energized parts
and protect the motor from physical damage
enclosure
standardized motor mounting and shaft dimensions as established by National Electric
Manufacturers Association (NEMA) or International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
frame designation
maximum current required to start the motor
locked-rotor current
number of individual voltages applied to the motor
phase
has three individual voltages applied to the motor
three-phase
has one voltage applied to the motor in the shape of a sine wave
single-phase
armature winding; rotating part of electric motor which is typically constructed of a laminated steel core containing current-carrying copper wires
rotor
indicates the maximum load that can be successfully carried by the motor if it is to operate continuously and remain within a safe temperature range
service factor
field poles; stationary part of electric motor consisting of copper windings which is placed
in a laminated iron core
stator
temperature of a motor operating under rated conditions, which is above ambient
temperature
temperature rise
device which protects the motor against overheating due to overload or failure to start
thermal protector
twisting or turning force produced by the motor
torque
pull out torque; maximum torque a motor can develop during overload without stalling
breakdown torque
locked rotor torque; motor torque at zero speed or the maximum torque required to start
the load
starting torque
amount of fertilizer applied in the field per unit area
application rate
part of the applicator which directs the distribution of fertilizer in the field
delivery tube
device which covers the distributed fertilizer in the furrow
furrow closer
device which makes the trench for the placement of fertilizer
furrow opener
device for applying granular fertilizer
granular fertilizer
applicator
part of the fertilizer applicator which drives the metering device
ground wheel
mechanism used to regulate the amount of fertilizer to be discharged
metering device
implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation
subsequent to some form of primary tillage, equipped with spring steel shanks
field cultivator
auxiliary component of the field cultivator that helps maintain uniform depth of cultivation
and eliminate the need to set the tension with the three-point hitch every time you set a
cultivator down
gage wheel
part of the field cultivator that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge wheels together
main frame
tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed to
reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates
primary tillage
any group of different tillage operation, following primary tillage, which are designed to
create refined soil conditions before the seed is planted
secondary tillage
structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam
shank
spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks,
cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers
shovel
type of shovel used in hard soil conditions and for deeper penetration
spike
type of shovel which is wing-shaped
sweep
part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached
transverse tool bar
a special type of walking-type agricultural tractor with a front-mounted tilling wheel and
equipped with a flotation structure commonly used in waterlogged fields
float-assist tiller
float; hull; component of float-assist tiller which provides buoyancy for the tiller
floatation structure
consists of a single or pair of wheels with radially mounted tilling blades attached to a
common shaft or axle, supported and powered by the transmission
tilling wheel
bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are hitched
drawbar
power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least 20 meters
drawbar power
type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to all wheels
four-wheel drive
type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to rear wheels with small front
wheels being pushed along
two-wheel drive
retaining pin used in the hitch pins or studs
linchpin
clearance (x) expressed as a radial dimension from the lower hitch point to the outside
diameter of the tire with the implement in raised position and all side sway removed from
the links
lower hitch point tire
clearance
horizontal dimension (z) between the rearmost parts of the tractor in the area between
the two lower links and the horizontal line through the two lower hitch points throughout
the range of vertical movement of the hitch points
lower hutch point
tractor clearance
external shaft usually at the rear of the tractor providing rotational power to implements
and machines
power-take-off (PTO)
shaft
power measured at the PTO shaft
PTO output power
safety frame; roll-over protective device; two- or four-post structural frames primarily
used to protect a seat-belted operator from being crushed in case the machine rolls over
roll-over protective
structure
combination of one upper link and two lower links, each articulated to the tractor and the
implement at opposite ends in order to connect the implement to the tractor
three-point linkage
articulated connection between a link and the implement
hitch point
adjustment of the right lower link so that the hitch point may be moved vertically with
respect to the left lower hitch point to provide an inclination of the implement
leveling adjustment
articulated connection between a link and the tractor
link point
pin that connects the upper link to the implement
upper hitch pin
pin that connects the upper link to the tractor
upper link pin
center to center distance between two front or rear wheels*
wheel tread
tillage implement resembling a double moldboard, one left wing and one right wing, used to make ridges and beds for planting and trenches for irrigation and drainage purposes
furrower
lister bottom; working part of the furrower which includes the share and moldboard
furrower bottom
bottom that has smaller moldboards and are designed for better scouring in sticky soils
blackband bottom
bottom that has wider moldboards that works well at fairly high speeds in most soil
conditions
general-purpose
bottom
bottom that has very small share and moldboard designed for use in combination with disc openers to open hard-baked soils
hard-ground bottom
part of the furrower which lifts, inverts and throws laterally the layer of soil (furrow slice)
in opposite directions
moldboard
toolbar mounted device used to guide the operator in setting the furrower for the next
pass to ensure uniform furrow spacing
row marker
part of the furrower that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice horizontally
share
structure to which the standards are mounted
toolbar
part of the granule applicator that puts the granule in motion through continuous stirring
or rotation
agitator
generic term used for a small particle having a diameter ranging from 2 to 4 mm
granule
agricultural tool used to apply granular fertilizers or pesticides to the field
granule applicator
part of granule applicator where granules are loaded
hopper
opening in the hopper or tank through which the granules pass through
orifice
external shaft on the rear of a tractor that provides rotational power to implements
power take-off shaft
part of the granule applicator that spreads the granules
spinner plate
valve inside the cylinder that holds the column of water in the draw pipe while the plunger
is being pushed down after each up-stroke
check valve
valve attached to the discharge side (for lift type hand pump) or to the body of the cylinder (for force type hand pump) to allow one direction of flow of water only
discharge valve
water pump powered by the movement of human arms
hand pump
lever that connects the pump rod to the pump head which often includes some
mechanism to add counterweight to balance the weight of the water being lifted up the
draw pipe
handle
spout assembly of pump where water comes out
outlet
piston; part of the cylinder that is connected to the pump rod and which forces water up
the draw pipe
plunger
pump assembly attached to the stand which contains the handle outlet assembly
pump head
plunger rod; steel rod that connects the pump handle to the plunger assembly within the
cylinder
pump rod
pedestal; base that attaches the hand pump to the ground and connects to the draw pipe
pump stand
maximum distance that the plunger moves when the handle is moved
stroke
inlet to which the suction pipe is connected
suction inlet
pipe connecting the pump cylinder to the pump body where water moves up and out to
the pump spout during pumping
suction pipe
hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover size of up to 3.4
kW (4.5 hp) using diesel engine and up to 3.7 kW (5.0 hp) using gasoline engine
type 1
hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover size of 3.5 kW to
10.8 kW (4.6 hp - 14.5 hp) using diesel engine and 3.8 kW to 11.9 kW ( 5.1 hp - 16.0 hp)
using gasoline engine
type 2
structure made for attaching and/or supporting the implement
hitch assembly
rated power rating of the primemover as specified by the manufacturer
size of primemover
backpack sprayer; sprayer which is operated manually with a lever and can be carried on
the back of an operator for spraying
lever-operated
knapsack sprayer
component of the sprayer that evens out the fluctuations of the fluid pressure and induces
more uniform flow of the sprayed liquid
pressure chamber
maximum allowable volume of the liquid to fill the sprayer tank, when equipped with all
its internal mounting
tank capacity
self-propelled, wheeled, track-laying or semi track-laying machine primarily designed to
pull, push, carry and/or operate trailers or provide power to implements and machines
used for agricultural, forestry and other related works
agricultural tractor
machine, having an integral power unit but normally operated by a pedestrian, designed
to carry out agricultural operation, and which may also be operated from a seat on an
attachment or trailer
pedestrian-operated
machine
designations related to the operator when sitting on the operator’s station
right-hand and left-hand
having one or more integral power units which propel and operate the machine, designed
to carry out agricultural operations while on the move
self-propelled machine
part of the transplanting arm that picks rice seedlings
grasping fork
machine designed for transplanting rice seedlings into a puddled and leveled field
mechanical rice
transplanter
modified wheel used in transplanters to facilitate movement in the field
paddle wheel
rice seedlings grown in nurseries for transplanting wherein the roots are washed
thoroughly to remove the soil
root-washed seedlings
rice seedlings grown in nursery for transplanting wherein the soil is retained with the roots for transplanting
soil-bearing seedlings
part of the mechanical transplanter that actuates picking and transplanting seedlings into
a puddled field
transplanting arm
method of crop establishment for rice wherein rice seedlings grown in a nursery are pulled
and transferred into puddled and leveled fields, 15 to 40 days after seeding
transplanting
test carried out on samples selected from a lot for the purpose of acceptance of the lot
acceptance test
in any consignment, all components or equipment under study
lot
test carried out on each and every component or equipment to check the specifications
which are likely to vary during production
routine test
test carried out to prove conformity to the requirements of the relevant specification
type test
distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out
blower range
diameter of a droplet which will divide the number of sample droplets into two equal
halves
number median
diameter
diameter of a droplet which will divide the volume of sample droplets into two equal
halves
volume median
diameter
valve used to stop the flow of fluid
cut-off valve
fine drops of liquid, such as water or chemical pesticide, sprayed into the air
mist
equipment that sprays liquid in the form of mist
mist blower
part of the mist blower that connects the nozzle to the blower
wand
flat knife or revolving disc, mounted in front of the plow bottom, which cuts the soil
vertically
colter
central part of the plow to which the share, moldboard and landside are attached
frog
part of the plow that presses and slides against the furrow wall, providing lateral stability
during operation
landside
part, attached to the rear of a landside, which applies the vertical load of the plow bottom
to the furrow bottom
landside heel
plow bottom that has less curvature than the stubble and can be used easily for stubble,
ordinary trash and stalk cover land
general-purpose
moldboard
plow bottom which is used in sticky soils and soils that does not scour on solid moldboard
slatted moldboard
plow bottom that has long, narrow and less sloping moldboard with a gradual twist that
allows complete inversion of the furrow slice with minimum breakage
sod moldboard
plow bottom that has short, broader and curved more abruptly along the top edge and is
suited to work in soil which has been cultivated from year to year
stubble moldboard
throws the furrow slice to the left of the plow’s direction
left-hand plow
throws the furrow slice to the right of the plow’s direction
right-hand plow
reversible plow; throws the furrow slice either to the left or right of the plow’s direction
two-way plow
plow body; working part of the plow which includes the share, moldboard, and landside,
all attached to the frog
plow bottom
leading edge of the moldboard located above the landside
shin
horizontal clearance; distance by which the point of the share is bent out of line with the
landside to cut the proper furrow width
horizontal suction
vertical clearance; distance by which the point of the share is bent downward for the plow
to penetrate the soil to the proper depth
vertical suction
optional accessory, attached to the wing of the moldboard to improve inversion of the
furrow slice
tailpiece
optional accessory, mounted above the shin, which deposits the upper edge of the furrow
in the furrow bottom
trash board
metallic tube that connects the nozzle to the hose of power sprayer
lance
equipment powered by an electric motor or by an engine used to spray fertilizer or
pesticide to a certain heigh
power sprayer
tip of lance of the power sprayer where the chemical is sprayed out
nozzle
component of the power sprayer used to regulate the pressure
pressure relief valve
overflow of water from the nozzle
runoff
metal or rubber ring positioned to regulate the seeding rate
adjusting ring
part of the seeder where the seeds are loaded and metered
drum hopper
planting equipment used for pre-germinated rice seeds for wet fields
drum seeder
amount of seeds discharged from the seeder per unit time or area
seeding rate
part of the seeder which serves as a float to prevent the seeder from sinking
skid
point on the central vertical plane of the seat
seat index point
pressure measured at a point on the riser with a distance of at least five times the nominal
sprinkler inlet diameter from the last upstream direction change or change in pipe
cross-sectional area
base pressure
farthest distance measured from the sprinkler head centerline to a point at which liquid is
deposited
radius of throw
device which by its rotating motion around its vertical axis distributes liquid over an area
rotating sprinkler head
planting equipment used to deposit seeds in the soil for crop production
grain seeder
ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field capacity
field efficiency
actual rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time
effective field capacity
computed rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time
theoretical field
capacity
amount of seeds that can be planted per unit area
seed delivery rate
direct cooling system; system wherein air is used to remove excess heat from the engine
through metal fins or shrouds which are located around the cylinder thus creating the flow
of air to the engine body in order to maintain its operating temperature
air-cooled
series of events occurring one after the other in a definite order and repeats the events
after the last one has occurred
cycle
piston requires four movements to complete one cycle
four-stroke
piston requires two movements to complete one cycle
two-stroke cycle
heat engine; mechanical device that converts heat energy produced by combustion of fuel
into mechanical energy
engine
type of engine where the combustion of fuel takes place inside the cylinder
internal combustion
engine
diesel engine; engine in which combustion is achieved by compressing the air until a high
temperature is achieved to initiate combustion of fuel
compression ignition
engine
gasoline engine; engine in which combustion occurs through the initiation of a spark on
the compressed fuel and air mixture
spark ignition engine
arrangement of valves wherein the intake and exhaust valves are located in the cylinder
head
overhead valve
arrangement of valves wherein the intake and exhaust valves are located on one side of
the cylinder block
side valves
indirect cooling system; system in which water/liquid-coolant serves as the cooling
medium which circulates in the water jackets to absorb the heat of the engine
water-cooled
drill bit; boring part of the soil auger
auger head
accessory part of the soil auger to lengthen the reach of the tool
extension rod
tool used for displacing soil at various depths for soil research and analysis or for digging
post holes by means of a rotating helical flighting
soil auger
Type of soil auger with a diameter of at least 50 mm with provision for obtaining soil
samples in the auger head through different soil types
soil sampling auger
Type of soil auger designed for drilling holes in the soil
soil boring auger
Type of soil auger that makes use of human force to drill the soil
hand-operated type
Type of soil auger that is powered by an electric motor or an engine to drill the soil
motor-powered
Type of soil auger that is powered by either pneumatic or hydraulic pump to drill the soil
fluid-powered
action of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of soil manipulation
tillage action
desired soil condition produced by one or more tillage operations
tillage objective
soil physical conditions which can be produced by tillage and is necessary based on
utilitarian and/or economic considerations
tillage requirement
overall tillage; tillage of an entire area as contrasted to a partial tillage as in bands or strips
broadcast tillage
primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a greater depth than 300 mm
deep tillage
tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and unload soil
earthmoving
tillage operation which move soil to create desired soil configurations
land forming
tillage operation which move soil to establish a desired soil elevation and slope
land grading
tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of soil to provide smooth, refined
surface condition
land planing
tillage operation which are oriented in specific paths or directions with respect to the sun,
prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field base lines
oriented tillage
tillage operation employing power-driven rotary action to cut, break up, and mix soil
rotary tillage
shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by creating a soil
condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture conservation or to pest control
soil cultivation
mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose
tillage
tool depth; vertical distance from the initial soil surface to a specified point of penetration
of the tool
tillage depth
system that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil surface after planting
or maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small grain residue equivalent on the soil surface
during the critical erosion period
conservation tillage
system traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop and grown in a
given geographical area
conventional tillage
system wherein least soil manipulation is performed
minimum tillage
system in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a way that plant
residue is specifically left on or near the soil surface
mulch tillage
idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given crop under given
conditions
optimum tillage
subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for subsurface drainage
precision tillage
system in which the primary tillage operation is performed in conjunction with special
planting procedures in order to reduce or eliminate secondary tillage operations
reduced tillage
system in which a large number of depressions or small reservoirs are formed to hold rain
or sprinkler applied water
reservoir tillage
system in which the ridges are formed during cultivation or after harvest and maintained
from year to year in the same location
ridge tillage
system in which only isolated bands of soil is tilled
strip tillage
tillage to partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials such as plant residues
or artificial mulches
anchoring
ridging; listing; tillage which forms a ridge and furrow soil configuration
bedding
pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade
bulldozing
tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used
chisel plowing
operations simultaneously utilizing two or more different types of tillage tools or implements (subsoil-lister, lister-planter, or plow-planter combinations) to simplify, control, or reduce the number of trips over a field
combined tillage
operations
operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for planting
harrowing
mixing; operation which mix or disperse foreign materials, such as pesticides, fertilizers or
plant residues into the soil
incorporating
hilling; operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a furrow midway
between two previous rows of plants
middlebreaking
operation that cuts and throws the soil away from the base of plants
off barring
operation which is performed to cut the soil with partial or complete soil inversion
moldboard plowing
operation that cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle residues in conjunction with soil
manipulation
residue processing
deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth and/or water
movement
subsoiling
operation in which a vertical band of mulching material is injected into the slit
immediately behind a tillage tool shank
vertical mulching
implement performing functions simultaneously that of initial cutting, breaking and
pulverizing the soil
general-purpose tillage
implement
implement which works under the combined principles of the regular disc plow and
harrow
plow-harrow
implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as chemical incorporator and
as row crop cultivator
rotary tiller
rotary plow; implement which consists of two horizontal power driven spiral flanged shafts
which rotate vertically
spiral plow
implement used for cutting, displacing and/or shattering the soil to reduce soil strength
and to bury or mix plant materials, pesticides, and fertilizers in the tillage layer
primary tillage
implement
implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of surface materials
chisel plow
implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface
layers
subsoiler
implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary tillage implements,
provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level and firm
soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds
secondary tillage
implement
implement used for breaking clods after initial plowing, for subsequent operations prior to
transplanting and for puddling and leveling
comb-tooth harrow
implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil
packer
implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and smooths and firms
the soil surface
roller-harrow
implement for dislodging small weeds and grasses and for breaking soil crust and is used
for fast, shallow cultivation before or soon after crop plants emerge
rotary how
implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to adequately pass
through standing crop rows without crop damage
row crop cultivator
implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars and staggered to attain
maximum stirring and raking of soil
spike-tooth harrow
implement consisting of long, flat and curved teeth made of spring steel
spring-tooth harrow
implement performing shallow post-plant tillage to aid the crop by loosening the soil
and/or by mechanical radication of undesired vegetation
cultivating tillage
implement
implement consisting of tool bars that extend across the top of the rows, which allow
lateral adjustments of the tools for different row spacing
continuous-tool bar
cultivator
implement consisting of tool bars that drop down between the rows to provide maximum
vertical clearance for the plants
separated gang
cultivator
soil-handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to predetermined shapes
bed shaper
soil-working tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is primarily designed to cut
through the soil
blade
circular, flat tool used to cut plant material and soil
coulter
force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal and opposite to
drawbar pull
draft
operating width excluding overlap
effective operating
width
effective angle which is included between the line of travel and a line drawn through the
back or nonsoil-working surface of the tool at its immediate edge
edge clearance angle
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost edges
of the implement
implement width
implement used to insert materials into the soil
injector
miniature plow attachment whose purpose is to turn over a small furrow slice directly
ahead of the main moldboard plow bottom, to aid in covering trash
jointer
horizontal distance between corresponding reference points on adjacent tools when
projected upon a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel
lateral tool spacing
line and direction along which the tillage implement travels
line of trave
combined tillage implement which is composed of a lister and a planting attachment to
permit a single listing-seeding operation with the planter normally being operated in the
furrow
lister-planter
horizontal distance between corresponding reference points of two tools when projected
upon a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel
longitudinal tool
spacing
single or groups of soil-working tools together with power transmission structure, control,
and protection systems present as an integral part of the machine
mechanical tillage
implement
distance measured between specified points on adjacent plow bottoms
horizontal clearance
distance measured from cutting edge of share to nearest potentially obstructing member
such as main truss (backbone), frame, beam, release mechanism, etc
vertical clearance
distance perpendicular to the direction of travel that an implement reworks soil previously
tilled
operating overlap
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement
performs its intended function
operating width
soil and/or plant zone purposely protected by virtue of tool design, tool spacing or evasive
tool movement
protected zone
shedding; soil-tool reaction in which soil slides over the surface of the tillage tool without
significant adhesion
scouring
side draft; horizontal component of pull, perpendicular to the line of motion
side force
machine used to apply, or to apply and incorporate soil additives by means of tillage
soil-additive applicator
machine used to mechanically incorporate or mix material into the soil
soil-additive incorporator
tillage tool used to slice through soil and create an opening for the insertion of material
such as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers
soil opener
rotating implement which pulverizes, firms or smooths soil by crushing or compacting
soil roller
path along which one element of soil slides across a tillage tool
soil-sliding path
length of the path along tillage tool upon which soil slides
soil-sliding path length
angle between the sliding path and the horizontal at any point along the sliding path
soil-ascending angle
angle at any point on the surface of a tool between the soil sliding path and a horizontal
contour line constructed through the surface of the tool
soil-sliding angle
configuration of the soil-tool boundary wherein the overall shape is usually oriented with
the direction of travel of the tool and the soil surface
soil-tool geometry
portions of tillage tools which are designed to be in contact with the soil
soil-working surface
unit draft; draft force of an implement per unit area of tilled cross-section
specific draft
projections on tillage tools which serve to penetrate, grip, cut, or tear soil
teeth
individual soil-working element
tillage tool
tillage tools which rotate or move so that they present a varying boundary and contact
area to the soil
complex tillage tools
tillage tools which are powered so that some of their movements are in direction other
than along the line of travel
dynamic tillage tools
tillage tools powered by more than one form of power, such as draft and rotating power,
or draft and electrical power
multi-powered tillage
tools
tillage tools which present a reasonable constant boundary area to the soil
simple tillage tools
minimum distance in a specified direction between a point on the tool and the nearest
potentially obstructing implement element
tool clearance
maximum horizontal distance perpendicular to the line of motion over which a tool
performs its intended function
tool-operating width
position of the tool in a framework of cartesian coordinates which is usually oriented with
the soil surface and the direction of travel
tool orientation
rake angle; angle, in a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel, between a tool axis
and the soil surface
lift angle
distance perpendicular to the direction of travel in which a tool operating width coincides
with the operating width of another tool
tool overlap
area of soil surface left undisturbed during passage of a tool
tool-skip area
maximum horizontal projection of a tool in the soil perpendicular to the line of motion
tool width
vertical distance between corresponding points on adjacent tools when projected upon a
vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel
vertical tool spacing
projections attached to the sides of tillage tools to increase the volume of soil which can
be disturbed
wings
scratching, cutting, or abrading of materials caused by the action of soil
soil abrasion
sticking of soil to objects such as tillage tools or wheels
soil adhesion
act of reducing the specific volume of soil
soil compaction
separation of a soil mass by a slicing action
soil cutting
alteration or destruction of a soil structural condition by mechanical forces such as in
shearing, compression, or tearing
soil failure
lifting or swelling of soil resulting from natural forces such as freezing
soil heaving
soil response to the application of mechanical forces
soil reaction
pulverization; general fragmentation of a soil mass resulting from the action of tillage
forces
soil shatter
sliding of soil across a surface
soil sliding
movement of soil in any direction as a result of kinetic energy imparted to the soil by the
tillage tool
throw
foreign; materials, other than seeds, which are added to and/or incorporated in soil for
directly influencing the soil condition or environment
soil additive
masses of soil (may be stationary or in a relatively slow motion) which adheres on
soilworking surfaces and act as a part of the tool
adhered soil bodies
hard pan; plow pan; plow soil; dense layer of soil immediately below tillage depth created
by mechanical pressure and/or soil-shearing forces
compacted layer
soil structural units which are irreversibly cemented together
concretions
thickness of soil with which materials are covered by an implement
covering depth
all materials added to or mixed into soil, including residues, soil additives, and foreign
bodies that have not originated in the soil’s development
foreign materials
resistance to the movement of plant parts or tillage tools through soil that is caused by the
mechanical strength of the soil
mechanical impedance
mechanical strength; degree of resistance of soil to deformation
mechanical stability
clods; blocks of soil which are sheared loose from the main soil mass by tillage tool action
shear blocks
failure surfaces occurring where the soil has sheared
shear surface
initial and distinct surfaces appearing during failure which are caused mainly by shear
primary shear surfaces
shear surfaces which result from the twisting, pushing, or tumbling of the soil after or
during the initial displacement
secondary shear
surfaces
soil peds; agglomerations of primary soil particles which are produced by natural
processes
soil aggregates
degree of ease with which a soil may be manipulated for a specific purpose
tillability
raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land, when plowing is started from center to
side
back furrow
open trench (about twice the width of one plow bottom) left in between the adjacent
strips of land after finishing of plowing - NOTE It is formed when two adjacent furrow
slices are thrown opposite each other.
dead furrow
trench left when the plow bottom cuts and turns the furrow slice
furrow
peak of the turned furrow slice
furrow crown
depth of depression below a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface
furrow depth
soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom
furrow slice
undisturbed or unbroken side of the furrow
furrow wall
unplowed soil at the end of the furrow strip
head land
unplowed soil
land
height of soil above a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface
ridge height
soil profile modified by tillage or amendments for use by plant roots
root bed
part of the soil profile exploited by the roots of plants
root zone
soil zone which affects germination and emergence of seeds
seedbed
weight of a unit volume of soil expressed on either a wet basis (including soil and water) or
on a dry basis
soil density
mechanism that adjusts the tooth depth to fit the soil condition
lever assembly
auxiliary part of spring-tooth harrow attached at the bottom of the main frame to facilitate easy turning
runner
tine; part of the spring-tooth harrow that engages with the soil during operation
tooth
type of rotating sprinkler head which rotates using weighted or spring-loaded arm which is
propelled by the liquid stream and hits the sprinkler body
impact-driven sprinkler
head
hydraulically operated mechanical device which discharges liquid through a nozzle
sprinkler head
angle of the liquid stream above a horizontal plane, as discharged from the sprinkler
nozzle operating at the test pressure
trajectory angle
rotating sprinkler designed to irrigate a sector of a circular area, either with or without the
possibility of adjusting it to irrigate the entire circular area
part-circle sprinkler
pressure range between the minimum effective pressure, pmin, and the maximum effective pressure, pmax, declared by the manufacturer as the pressure range in which the sprinklers operate effectively.
range of effective
pressure
tool attached to the shank of the subsoiler to cut through the soil
ripper point
metal plate attached to the shank to reduce abrasion and enhance durability of the shank
wear shin
person who aids in dropping sugarcane billets into the furrow
feeder
component of the sugarcane planter that cuts the sugarcane billets and drops it into the
furrow
feeding shank
sugarcane stalks containing buds used as planting material
sugarcane billet
agricultural equipment used for planting sugarcane billets
sugarcane planter
Type of sugarcane planter that is capable of chopping sugarcanes into billets which are
dropped into the furrows
semi-automatic
sugarcane planter
Type of sugarcane planter that is not capable of chopping sugarcane but instead, requires
pre-cut billets for planting
manual sugarcane
planter
consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-operated machines,
implements, and combinations thereof primarily used for agricultural operations
agricultural machines
visually perceptible figure used to transmit information independent of language
symbol
weeding index; percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit area
weeding efficiency
implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land
weeder
unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients, moisture
and sunlight
weeds
plants injured (i.e. teared leaves, broken stems, and/or uprooted plant) that may affect crop growth
damaged plants
percentage of plants injured during the weeding operation
percent damage plants
traction type; capable of pulling various kinds of implements
pull type
type of walking-type agricultural tractor equipped with rotary tiller which cuts, breaks up,
and mixes the soil and/or plant residues
rotary tilling type
range of operations that could be performed by the machine as specified by the
manufacturer
applicable work
distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane touching the
uppermost part of the tractor
overall height
distance between two vertical planes at right angles to the median plane of the tractor
and touching its front and rear extremities
overall length
distance between two vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the tractor, each
plane touching the outer-most point of the tractor on its respective side and with wheels
set for minimum track
overall width
ratio of the difference between the speed of pulley or belt and wheels or track with load,
to the speed without load
slip
total weight of the machine excluding ballast and implements with the fuel tank filled to
80 percent capacity and with normal amount of cooling water and lubricating oil (if engine
is integrated with the tractor) and with specified wheels
tractor weight
volume of fuel consumed by the engine
fuel consumption
any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor
implement
angle formed by the edges of the sweep
nose angle
angle formed by the shank or the shovel relative to the ground surface or to its base,
respectively
stem angle
overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest point
transport height
overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the implement to
the mounting point
transport length
reduction on the distance traveled by the tractor due to the attached implement
wheel slip
any material added to the tractor for the purpose of enhancing traction or stability
ballast
power measured at the flywheel or the crankshaft
engine power
mean maximum sustained pull of the tractor at the drawbar over a given distance, the pull
being exerted horizontally and in the vertical plane containing the longitudinal axis of the
tractor
maximum drawbar pull
radius of clearance circle; radius of the smallest circle described by the outermost point of
the tractor
radius of turning area
radius of the smallest circle tangentially described by the median plane of the outermost
wheel of the tractor
radius of turning circle
speed in revolutions per minute specified by the manufacturer
rated engine speed
quantity of fuel consumed by an engine on the basis of per horsepower hour
specific fuel consumption
