Postharvest Flashcards
ratio of the total dry weight (moisture content of 14%) of the fiber extracted to the potential fiber content of abaca tuxies, expressed in percent
stripping efficiency
refers to the physical properties such as tensile strength, length, color and texture (fineness and coarseness) of fibers extracted
fiber quality
difference between the potential fiber content of abaca tuxies and dry weight (moisture
content of 14%) of the actual fiber extracted using abaca stripper, expressed in percent
extraction loss
indicator of the quality or the characteristics of the physical property of a fiber
grade
fresh weight of the output fiber extracted from the abaca stripper per unit time, kg/h
output capacity
distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the stripping machine
overall height
distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the abaca
stripper and touching its front and rear extremities
overall length
distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the machine, each
plane touching the outermost point of the stripper on its respective side
overall width
summation of the weight of extracted fiber using manual or mechanical abaca stripper
and unextracted fiber manually obtained
potential fiber content
preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the conduct of
test until the operation is stable
running-in period
ratio of fresh weight of fiber extracted and the total fresh weight of input abaca tuxies to
the abaca stripper, expressed in percent
potential fiber recovery
long and slender natural filament of abaca plant
abaca fiber
part of abaca plant which consist of several layers of leaf sheath
abaca stalk
mechanical device used for extracting primary fibers by scraping action from blade and
stripping block
abaca stripper
method that uses bolo to partially cut (leaving the upper layer 1 mm to 2 mm thick uncut)
crosswise the middle of the inner portion of the leaf sheath to be able to extract the
tuxies
bacnis method
the outer layer of abaca leaf sheath which contains the primary fiber
tuxy
method that uses tuxying knife to thrust one side of the leaf sheath and make a cut
between the upper and the inner portions of the material to be able to extract the tuxies
locnit method
soft tissue or non-fibrous material attached to the fiber
parenchymatous
material
extracting the fiber from abaca tuxies using abaca stripper
stripping
part of the abaca stripper that provides friction and where raw materials are being locked
in position during fiber extraction
stripping block
separating the outer layer from inner layer of leaf sheath which is at most 1.8 mm of
abaca leaf sheath either by locnit method (using tuxying knife) or bacnis method (using
bolo)
tuxying
metal plate, non-serrated or serrated, that provides stripping action
stripping knife
ratio of the actual and the theoretical heating value of fuel, expressed in percent
burning efficiency
ratio of the actual and the theoretical heating value of fuel, expressed in percent
furnace efficiency
heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling point in order to convert the
material into a gas without temperature change
latent heat of
vaporization
heat absorbed or evolved by a substance during a change of temperature that is not
accompanied by a change of state
sensible heat
ratio of actual and theoretical heat supplied by the fuel to the furnace, expressed in
percent
heating system
efficiency
organic materials used as renewable source of energy like wood chips, corncobs and rice
hulls, etc.
biomass
enclosed structure for intense heating by fire using any biomass like woodchips, corncobs
and rice hulls as fuel
biomass furnace
fire resistant surface located at the heating chamber of the biomass furnace
hearth
materials to be processed (i.e. dried, burned, melted, etc.) using biomass furnace
workload
framework of metal bars or fire bricks used to hold biomass fuel in furnace for more
efficient combustion
grate
ratio of the weight of the input biomass materials less unshredded biomass materials, to
the total weight of the input biomass materials to the shredder, expressed in percent
shredding efficiency
weight of biomass material fed into the shredder, expressed in kilogram per hour
input capacity
biomass material that is not totally cut into strips
unshredded
machine used to cut biomass materials into strips
biomass shredder
part of a shredding machine which is used to cut or sliced twigs or small branches of trees
into small and uniform sizes called chips
chipping section
part of the biomass shredder where the biomass materials to be cut are loaded
hopper
electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the biomass shredder
prime mover
thin slice of material with thickness of about 4 mm
chip
chipper; size reduction machine either power or manually operated which is used to cut
or slice root crops or banana into small thin pieces called chips
chipping machine
amount of material that can be processed per unit time, kg/h
chipping capacity
cutting rotor; devices intended to slice the crop into chips with reasonable consistency
within a range of optional settings
cutterhead
opening through which chipped material is thrown out
discharge chute
type of chipping machine with knives mounted radially with the cutting edges describing a
plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation
flywheel type
component intended to provide protection for the operator or bystander from injury
guard
knives on cylindrical mountings such that the cutting edges of the knives are essentially
parallel to the axis of rotation
drum type
fibrous covering of a coconut fruit comprising of 30% fiber and 70% parenchymatous cells
coconut husk
slender and elongated fibrous materials extracted from coconut husk
coconut coir
fine and powder-like particles parenchymatous cells that are extracted from the coconut
husk
coconut peat
machine to crush matured coconut husk through impact or beating action to separate
coco fiber and coconut peat from the husk
coconut coir
decorticator
ratio of the weight of the input coconut husk partially and totally undecorticated coconut
husk to the total weight of the input coconut husk to the decorticator, expressed in
percent
decorticating efficiency
refers to the physical and morphological (e.g. tensile strength, maturity, color, fiber length
and cleanliness) properties of fibers extracted
coir quality
portion of the coconut husk that is partially crushed and totally crushed
undecorticated
container where oven-dried samples are cooled without affecting its moisture content
desiccators
quantity of crude oil that the expeller can extract per unit of time, expressed in kilogram
per hour
crude oil production
rate
amount of input test material free of foreign matter expressed as percentage of the total
weight of the sample
purity
copra residue that pass through the expeller barrel together with the crude oil but is
filtered by the perforated screen placed at the entrance of the crude oil chute
wet copra meal
permit a final adjustment of pressure and capacity in order to correct variations in the raw
material and to secure the lowest possible oil content of the copra meal residue
choke
dried coconut meat from which oil is extracted
copra
residue collected after extracting oil from milled copra
copra meal
freshly extracted coconut oil containing moisture, fiber, resins, colors, etc. from copra
crude oil
barrel or cage consists of a heavy cradle-type frame into which flat steel bars are set
edgewise around the periphery, therefore parallel to the worm shaft functioning as a
screen
expeller barrel
part of the oil expeller where the extraction process occurs
extraction chamber
motor-driven extrusion type machine capable of extracting crude oil from copra for use in
cooking, soapmaking, or as ingredient in other foods such as baked or fried goods
oil expeller
a kind of a screw which has the double task of conveying the raw material through the
pressure chamber formed by the barrel, and at the same time of exerting a pressure on it
worm shaft
ratio of the total weight of damaged parchment coffee to the total weight of sample,
expressed in percentage
mechanically damaged
parchment coffee
ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that comes out to the pulp discharge to
the total input weight of coffee cherry to the pulper, expressed in percentage
separation loss
ratio of total weight of parchment coffee collected at all outlets to the total coffee cherry
input to the machine, expressed in percentage
pulping efficiency
ratio between the total weight of parchment coffee collected at the main outlet to the
total weight of input coffee cherry to the machine, expressed in percentage
pulping recovery
ratio of the total weight of unpulped coffee cherry to the total input weight of coffee
cherry to the pulper, expressed in percentage
unpulped loss
ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that fell around the base of coffee
pulper to the total coffee cherry input to the machine, expressed in percentage by weight
scattering loss
machine to remove and separate the soft pulp of ripe coffee cherry without making any damage to the parchment coffee
coffee pulper
ripened fruits of coffee shrubs
coffee cherry
thread like component of rotating cylinder of the pulping chamber
flute
angle of inclination of the rubber coated flutes
flute inclination
process of removing and separating the skin and pulp of coffee cherry
pulping
slimy layer found between the pulp and adhering to the parchment
mucilage
endocarp of the coffee cherry, lies between the fleshy part (or pulp) of the cherry and
coffee bean
parchment
final output product when the coffee cherry has undergone pulping process
parchment coffee
part of machine where parchment coffee are collected
main parchment coffee
outlet
part of machine where pulps are collected
pulp outlet
red or green thin fleshy outer layer of the coffee cherry
pulp
cleaner that uses air to separate lower density material from the corn kernels/corn grits
such as floured corn, germ and bran
aspirator
ratio of the weight (kg) of the corn kernels, to its volume (m3)
bulk density
shelled corn kernels where the germ and pericarp have been removed
degerminated corn kenels
weight of the corn kernels fed into the corn mill per unit of time
feed rate
impurity; any matter which is not corn kernels/corn grits or fragment of corn kernels/corn grits sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, lumps of earth, clay, mud, weeds and other crop seeds
foreign matter
equipment with definite shaking motion used to sort the size of the milled materials using
standard screen sieves
laboratory sieve shaker
quantity of corn kernels that the corn mill can process to produce corn grits per unit of
time
milling capacity
auxiliary device of the corn mill that removes foreign material
precleaner
oscillating screen; wire mesh or perforated metal sheet, moving in back-and-forth
direction, permitting smaller particles to fall through the openings and larger particles to remain on top
sifter
“tahop”; coarse powder from outer covering of the corn kernel removed during the
milling process
bran
refers to corn grit # 20 and # 24, floured corn, germ and bran
by-product
ratio of the weight of by-products, to the total weight of corn kernel input, expressed in
percent
by-product recovery
shelled corn of either dent or flint varieties
corn kernels
milled corn kernels where the outer covering and germs have been removed and with
particle size of not less than 0.86 mm
corn grits
milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.8 mm to 2.0 mm
grit #10
milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.5 mm to 1.7 mm
grit #12
milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.2 mm to 1.4 mm
grit #14
milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.10 mm to 1.19 mm
grit #16
milled corn kernels with particle size between 0.86 mm to 1.09 mm
grit #18
rewetting of dried corn kernels to about 18% to 22% moisture content and tempering it to
make the pericarp and the germ more pliable and easier to remove
conditioning
equipment used to produce corn grits using the dry milling process
corn mill
machine used to remove the germ and pericarp from the corn kernel
degerminator
ratio of the weight of degerminated corn kernel sample, to the initial weight of the
sample, expressed in percent
degerminator efficiency
process of reducing the corn kernels into pieces of grits, germ and pericarp with or
without conditioning
dry milling
fines; “tiktik”; fine powder by-product of corn milling process
floured corn
“sungo”; embryo of the kernel removed during the degermination process
germ
corn grit by-product with particle size between 0.70 mm to 0.85 mm
grit #20
corn grit by-product with particle size smaller than 0.70 mm
grit #24
refers to corn grit # 10, #12, #14, #16, and # 18
main product
ratio of the weight of corn grits, to the total weight of corn kernel input, expressed in
percent
main product recovery
amount of moisture in the corn kernels expressed as percent of the total weight of the
sample, wet basis
moisture content
major component of the corn mill used to reduce corn kernels into corn grits.
roller mill
actual rate of being able to harvest corn in a given area per unit of time
actual field capacity
(Zea mays); cereal grass belonging to the Poaceae family
corn
fruit of the corn plant with husk
corn ear
machine attached to the side of tractor designed for picking corn
single-row side mounted corn picker
measures the ability of the corn picker to deliver the harvested corn ear to the collecting
bin
conveyance efficiency
ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed in percent
field efficiency
measures the ability of the corn picker to harvest the corn ear from the corn stalk through
snapping and stripping action
picking efficiency
maximum yield per unit area
potential yield
computed rate of harvested corn in a given area per unit time
theoretical field
capacity
longitudinal dimension of a roll in right angle to the diameter
width
part of the corn picker that pulls the corn stalk downward thereby, stripping the corn ear
during operation
snapping rolls
direct the stalks of the corn plant to the snapping rolls
stalk guide rod
part of the corn picker that prevents the corn stalk from bending and separate the corn
ear from the stalk
stripper plate
type of fuel from living organisms such as plants, animals and their by-products
biomass fuel
total percent of ginger tea (instant “salabat”) loss based on the recovered product
cooking losses
quantity of juice that the crystallizer can cook per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per
hour
cooking rate
ratio between the total weight of recovered ginger tea (instant “salabat”) and the weight
of sugar added to the input juice, expressed in percentage
cooking recovery
principal factor which indicates the uniformity of ginger tea (instant “salabat”)
fineness modulus
refers to the physical and chemical properties of the product, instant “salabat”
ginger tea quality
weight of input juice per batch, expressed in kilogram
holding capacity
type of fuel used in cooking ginger juice
liquified petroleum gas
length of time measured from the time the burner is turned on until it is turned off
operating time
main source of heat used in cooking ginger juice
burner
machine that cooks ginger juice to produce ginger tea (instant “salabat”)
crystallizer
part of the crystallizer where ginger juice are being loaded for cooking operation
cooking basin
crystallized form of ginger from its juice
ginger tea (instant “salabat”)
component of the crystallizer that is used in stirring to attain the desired consistency of
the mixture to produce ginger tea (instant “salabat”)
paddle
volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of dehusked corn per minute
airflow rate
corn kernels which are heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or distinctly damaged
by insects, water, fungi and/or any other means
damaged kernels
mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the dehusked corn, measured at a
number of points practicably as close to its entry to the drying bed
drying air temperature
maximum capacity that the dehusked corn dryer can dry to meet the desired moisture
content
drying capacity
total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time, expressed in kg/h
fuel consumption
ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from the dehusked corn to drying
time, expressed in percent per hour
moisture reduction rate
pressure build-up in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform dustribution of air flow
through the dehusked corn mass, expressed in mmH2O
static pressure
ear corn; corn-on-cob; unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the husk has been removed
mechanically or manually
dehusked corn
refers to the leafy outer/protective covering of an ear of corn as it grows on the plant
husk
device for removing excess moisture from the ear of corn without husk, generally by
forced or natural convection with or without addition of heat
dehusked corn dryer
blower; air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of materials to
be dried at the desired air flow rate and pressure
fan
difference between the maximum and the minimum moisture content randomly sampled
after drying
moisture gradient
chamber wherein air pressure is developed for uniform distribution of the heated air
through the material to be dried
plenum
any device that is used to avoid human accident and/or damage to the parts and
components of the dryer during the operation and automatically shuts-off the operation
of the dryer in case of malfunction
safety device
part of the energy per unit time that is imparted by the fan to the air by increasing its total
pressure from the inlet to the outlet
air power
angle measured between the air inlet and the lower camber of the fan/blower
angle of attack
when the air flow/movement produces by fan/blower starts to reverse direction
back-flow
ratio between the hub diameter and the fan/blower wheel diameter
hub-tip ratio
ratio between the lift force and the drag force on fan/blower blades during operation
lift-drag ratio
tube that is being connected to a manometer and is being used to measure the static and
total force of air in the testing duct of fan/blower
pitot tube
part of the energy per unit time that is imparted by the fan/blower to the air in
overcoming static pressure from the inlet to the outlet
static air power
conical structure or orifice rings that are being used at the end of testing duct of
fan/blower to enable variation in air volumetric flow rate
throttling device
sum of the static and velocity pressure
total pressure
point in the duct at which measurement using pitot tube shall be done
traverse point
pressure along the line of the flow that result from the air flowing through the duct
velocity pressure
shape of a wing or blade of a propeller, rotor, or turbine or sails as seen in cross section
airfoil
asymmetry between the top and the bottom curves of an airfoil in cross-section
camber
force cause by friction which slows down the movement of an object
drag
structure mounted on the inlet and/or outlet part of fan/blower for safety purpose
fan/blower guard
sum of all the forces on a body that force it to move perpendicular to the direction of flow
lift
side of the fan/blower blade where the air comes in contact with at entry
leading edge
side of the fan/blower blade that is usually pointed and where the deflection of air occurs
trailing edge
rotating device with blades projecting from a hub
rotor
any revolving vane or vanes used for producing currents of air
fan/blower wheel
weight of feed ingredients fed into the feed mixer per unit time, expressed in kilogram per
hour.
mixing rate
statistical representation of the precision of distribution of feed ingredients
coefficient of variation
of salt content
mathematical average of the samples taken from the feed mixed
mean
statistical measurement of dispersion or variation in distribution of feed ingredients
standard deviation
meal type, pellets or crumble type of food that are mixed from various raw materials and
additive
feeds
machine used to mix uniformly the feed ingredients
feed mixer
statistical representation of the precision of distribution of feed ingredients
coefficient of variation
the method or extent of extracting (by retting or decorticating) the fiber from the leaves
cleaning
principal factor which determine the grade of a fiber
color
distance between the outermost points along the cylinder base axis
cylinder length
equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running at normal operating speed
cylinder peripheral speed
elasticity or stretch of a fiber before rupture
elongation
distance between the scraper block/breaker block and blades in order to separate fiber
elements from the non-fiber elements of the plant
effective allowance
outside diameter generated by the outermost point of the cylinder decorticating elements
effective cylinder
diameter
ratio of the amount between the total weight of the fiber extracted to the total amount of
fiber content on a dry basis
extraction efficiency
number of persons needed in the operation of the fiber decorticator
labor requirement
properties of the fiber which deal with its anatomical characteristics such as length,
diameter, lumen and wall thickness
morphological properties
dry weight of the fiber at 13-14% moisture content extracted per unit time*
output capacity
inherent strength and behavior of fibers under applied force which determines the mechanical serviceability or usefulness in commerce such as tensile strength, cleaning and color
physical properties
sum of the weights of collected decorticated fiber and all losses
total decorticating input
slender and greatly elongated natural filament of fiber plant
fiber
decorticator; mechanical device used for extracting fibers by crushing, beating and
scraping actions effected by the rotating cylinder with equally spaced blades and breaker
or scraper block
fiber decorticator
breaker block; part of the decorticator where raw materials are beaten up and crushed
scraper block
ratio of the weight of the fresh chopped materials collected at all outlets, to the total
fresh weight of the input of the chopper, expressed in percent
chopping efficiency
any crop used as silage, soilage or animal feed, usually mixed with fermenting agents
forage
part of the forage chopper where the forage to be chopped are loaded
feeding table
type of forage chopper where the chopped materials are blown up through the blow-up
pipe
blow-up type
knives on cylindrical mountings such that the cutting edges of the knives are essentially
parallel to the axis of rotation
cylinder cutterhead
cylindrical roll generally with protrusions or flutes, used to gather, compress and advance
the crop into the cutterhead
feedroll
knives mounted essentially radially with the cutting edges describing a plane
perpendicular to the axis of rotation
flywheel cutterhead
machine used to cut the crop into short parallel lengths
forage chopper
type of forage chopper where the chopped materials are dropped down to the bottom of
machine
let-fall type
forage chopper which uses a feeding mechanism consisting of four or more feed rolls to partially orient and advance the crop at a consistent rate into the cutting mechanism
precision-cut forage
chopper
forage chopper without a distinct feeding mechanism, usually employing flails to impactcut and chop crop directly into shorter pieces
random-cut forage
chopper
forage chopper which uses a feeding mechanism consisting of two feed rolls, or other
means such as an auger, to advance the crop to the cutting mechanism
semi-precision-cut
forage chopper
shear bar; fixed plate providing a stationary edge against which the cutterhead knives
shear the crop
stationary knife
type of forage chopper where the chopped materials are thrown away to the front area of
the machine
throw-away type
heat utilization efficiency; ratio of the total heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the
material, to the amount of heat added to the drying air, expressed in percent
drying efficiency
amount of water removed per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour
drying rate
ratio of the total heat utilized for drying, to the heat available in the fuel expressed in
percent
drying system efficiency
total amount of heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material, expressed in kJ/kg of
water
heat utilization
ripened ovary or ovaries of a seed-bearing plant that are edible, usually sweet and in
fleshy form
fruit
device for removing excess moisture from the fruits, generally by forced or natural
convection with or without addition of heat
fruit dryer
ratio of vapor pressure of water in the product to the water vapor pressure of pure water
at the same temperature.
water activity
device used for milling which consists of rotating hammer(s) and a heavy perforated
screen at the bottom
hammer mill
ratio of the average size of input to the average size of the product
reduction ratio
furnace efficiency; ratio of the heat supplied by the burner/furnace, to the heat released
by the fuel
burner efficiency
ratio of the heat released by the fuel, to the theoretical heat available from the fuel
combustion efficiency
source of energy which includes petroleum-based fuels such as kerosene, gasoline, diesel
oil and bunker fuel oil
conventional energy
source
grains which are heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or distinctly damaged by
insects, water, fungi and/or any other means
damaged grains
load capacity; continuous flow dryer: weight of grain in the dryer after a period of stable
operation batch type dryer: weight of grain required to fill the dryer at the input moisture
content
grain holding capacity
palay which are light green and chalky with soft texture
immature grains
source of energy that includes non-petroleum based fuels such as biomass and solar
energy
non-conventional
energy source
ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during the drying operation, to
the weight of the total grain input to the dryer, expressed in percent
scattered grains
temporarily holding the grain between the drying passes, allowing the moisture content in
the center of the grain and that on the surface of the grain to equalize
tempering
mechanical grain dryer wherein the grain in fixed volume is held in the drying chamber in
batches until the grain reaches the desired moisture content
batch type
shallow bed batch type dryer wherein a fixed volume of grain is held stationary in a
horizontal grain holding bin
flat bed type
batch type dryer equipped to circulate and/or mixed fixed volume of grain during the
drying operation
recirculating type
columnar type; batch type dryer wherein a fixed volume of grain is held stationary in a
vertical grain holding bin
vertical bin type
dryer in which the material being dried moves through the drying chamber in a
substantially continuous stream and is discharged without being recirculated
continuous flow dryer
parallel flow type; continuous flow dryer wherein the product being dried moves in the
same direction as drying air
concurrent flow type
continuous flow dryer wherein the grain being dried move in one direction and the drying
air moves in the opposite direction
counter-flow type
continuous flow dryer wherein the flow of air is transverse to the direction of flow of the
grain being dried
cross-flow type
continuous flow dryer wherein the drying bin is similar to columnar drying bin except that
it includes louvers causing mixing to occur as the grain flows through the system
mixing type
continuous flow dryer wherein the grains in the drying bin flows through the column in a
straight path
non-mixing type
grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters
cracked grain
dryer in which the products of combustion come into direct contact with the product
being dried
direct fired dryer
dryer in which the products of combustion do not come in contact with the products
being dried
indirect fired dryer
device used to collect dust ( i.e. consist of aspiration fan, cyclone, etc.)
dust collecting system
device for removing excess moisture from the grain, generally by forced or natural
convection with or without addition of heat
grain dryer
grain or a fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight-tenth (8/10) of
the average length of the whole grain
head rice
device used to remove grain moisture by forcing heated air through the grain mass until
the desired moisture content is attained
heated-air mechanical
grain dryer
mechanical grain dryer wherein grain is passed intermittently in cycles or stages through a
drying chamber either by mechanical means or by gravity with subsequent cooling and
tempering until the grain reaches the desired moisture content
multi-pass dryer
the weight of the threshed grain collected from the main grain outlet per unit time
actual capacity
threshed grain with 100% purity exclusive of the empty grains and other impurities
clean threshed grain
clearance between cylinder threshing elements and concave component
concave clearance
an iron grill frame partly surrounding the cylinder on which the threshing elements rubs,
shear and/or impact the cut plants
concave component
the corrected capacity of the thresher at 20% grain moisture content (wet basis), grainstraw ratio of 0.55 and 100% purity
corrected capacity
grain content; the ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles, to the total
weight of the grain and straw in the same sample
grain-straw ratio
semi-circular shaped wire mesh or bar grate covering the lower portion of the threshing
chamber which causes the grains to separate from the panicles
lower concave
the weight of the threshed grains collected at the grain outlet
threshing output
sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all threshing losses
total grain input
a semi-circular shaped grate at the upper portion of the threshing cylinder with louvers
which assist threshing and axial movement of the straw
upper concave
throw-in type of thresher which allows the cut plants to move in a helical manner around
the threshing cylinder with a net effect of moving the material axially between the feeding
and discharge outlets
axial flow thresher
ratio of the weight of grains blown with the chaff by the thresher fan, to the weight of the
total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
blower loss
empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from the threshing chamber
chaff
concave component; iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the cylinder on which
the threshing elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants
concave grate
type of thresher wherein the panicles of the cut plants are fed into the threshing chamber
while the stalks are mechanically or manually held during the threshing operation
hold-on thresher
grains that were broken and/or dehulled (partially or fully) as a result of threshing
operation
mechanically damaged
grain
machine used to detach and separate the palay from the panicles
mechanical rice thresher
paddy; rice; rough rice; unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is, grain with the hull/husk
palay
type of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs are attached on the periphery of the
cylinder in tandem or in helical arrangements
peg-tooth cylinder
type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done between bar-like protrusions in
parallel orientation laid on the periphery of the cylinder and stationary bars built into or
attached to the concave grate
rasp-bar cylinder
engine speed indicated in revolutions per minute (rpm) of the engine shaft as specified by
the engine manufacturer for operation at nominal continuous load
rated engine speed
cut plants length measured from the point of cut to the tip of the panicle
straw length
grains that are detached from the panicles by the thresher inclusive of mature, immature,
and damaged grains
threshed grain
threshing chamber; part of the thresher where the grains are detached and separated
from the panicles
threshing unit
threshing drum; part of the threshing unit that rotates about an axis and it is equipped
with either pegs, rasp bars, or wire loops on its periphery
threshing cylinder
ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at all outlets, to the total grain input of
the thresher, expressed in percent
threshing efficiency
attachments of the threshing cylinder such as pegtooth, wire-loop and rasp-bar that
detaches the grains from the panicles
threshing element
ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at the main grain outlet, to the weight
of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
threshing recovery
throw-in type of thresher wherein cut plants are fed between the rotating cylinder and
stationary concave and the threshed materials/straws are discharged out of the threshing chamber tangentially
through flow thresher
type of thresher which detaches the grains by feeding the cut plants into the machine
throw-in thresher
ratio of the weight of grains that remained in the panicles of the plants fed into the
threshing chamber, to the weight of total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
unthreshed loss
type of threshing cylinder wherein wires of the same arc and size are attached on the
periphery of the cylinder in tandem arrangement with or without the threshing concave
wire-loop cylinder
ongitudinal bran layers remaining in the dorsal grooves after milling
bran streaks
“binlid”; small pieces or particles of grains that pass through a sieve with round
perforations of 1.4 mm in diameter
brewer’s rice
extent or degree by which the bran layer and germ have been removed
milling degree
rice grain from which the hull, the germ, and the bran layers have been completely
removed
overmilled rice
rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers and the greater part of the
inner bran layers have been removed but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers
may still be present on 15% to 40% of the sample grains
regular milled rice
rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the greater part of the
inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layer
may still be present on more than 40 % of the sample grains
undermilled rice
rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers, and the greater part of the
inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers
may still be present on less than 15% of the sample grains
well-milled rice
outer layer of the brown rice consisting of the aleurone cells covering the endosperm of
the rice grain*
bran
grains that break in the process of milling which have a size of less than eight-tenth (8/10)
of the average length of whole grain
broken grains
type of micromill with milling capacity of 50 kg/h to less than 100 kg/h
household model
friction type rice mill performing simultaneous hulling and whitening operations and
having a milling capacity of 50-250 kg/h
micromill
grains obtained after the removal of hull and bran
milled rice
ratio of the weight of grains that do not break in the process of milling and with a size of
eight-tenth (8/10) or more of the whole grain to the total weight of milled rice, percent
percent head rice
outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and lemma) consisting of the empty
glumes, floral glumes and awn
rice hull
type of micromill with input capacity of 100-250 kg/h
village model
method of grain moisture determination based on actual extraction of water either by
convection heating (oven method) or distillation
primary method
method of grain moisture determination based on some characteristics of the grain
sample such as electrical resistance and capacitance which are related to moisture
content and must be periodically calibrated against an official primary method
secondary method
quantity of juice that the extractor can obtain per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per
hour
extraction rate
refers to the physical and chemical properties of juice extracted
juice quality
ratio of the extracted juice and the total weight of the input crop, expressed in percent
juice recovery
residues of the test materials after juice extraction
meal
initial moisture content of the crop
potential juice content
part of the multicrop juice extractor where juice extraction takes place
extracting chamber
total amount of extracted juice collected based on the extraction losses, expressed in
percentage
extraction recovery
aqueous liquid expressed or extracted from crops cells or tissues
juice
machine capable of extracting the juice of different crops
multicrop juice extractor
indicates the uniformity of grind in the resultant product
fineness
time required to empty the hopper from full load per trial
input time
ratio between the amount of acceptable ground/milled product and the total milling
recovery, expressed in percentage
milling efficiency
ratio between the total amount of ground/milled product recovered and the total input materials, expressed in percentage
milling recovery
refers to the fineness of the ground/milled product
quality
free of openings that allow the entry or passage of moisture
sealed
part of the machine where the ground/milled products are being discharged
collecting bin
part of the machine (usually made of cheesecloth) where the small or powdered solids are being separated and protected from the air
cyclone
finely ground or powdered foodstuffs from grains or other starchy plant foods used
mainly in baking
flour
an ingredient (as condiment, spice or herb) added to food primarily to enhance its flavor
food seasoning
part of the multicrop micromill where milling/grinding takes place
milling chamber
machine that grinds dried product meal of various crops into finer particles suitable for
the purpose of food seasoning or as flour
multicrop micromill
It consists of two roughed plates, one stationary and the other rotating. The material is
reduced by crushing and shears
attrition mill
crop condition stored not more than 2 days after harvest
freshly harvested
quantitative efficiency of the machine in cleaning and peeling crops, expressed in percent
machine efficiency
materials that are damaged (i.e. bruises/scratched, broken, sliced, etc.) as a result of washing and peeling operation, expressed in percent
mechanically damaged
materials
practically free from dirt, stains, other foreign materials or absence of caked dirt on the
rhizome or between segments of the rhizome and other crops
clean
machine that peels outer skin, or cleans and removes undesirable debris of ginger
rhizomes, sweet potato, potato, arrow root, radish and carrot
multicrop washer-peeler
horizontally elongated subterranean stem, which forms roots on the lower side and
shoots on the upper side of the nodes
rhizome
washing-peeling capacity; the amount of washed and peeled crops per unit time during
the actual washing-peeling operation time, expressed in kilogram per hour
effective capacity
a cylinder encased in a water container and rotating in a horizontal axis where crops are
being loaded for the washing and peeling operation
washing drum assembly
cylindrical container that holds the water and washing drum assembly
water container
kernel which shows signs of fissures or fractures
cracked kernel
edible part of peanut
kernel
ratio of the weight of kernel to the weight of the pod, expressed as percent
kernel-pod ratio
outlet at which shelled kernel move out of the machine
main kernel outlet
difference between the percent cracked kernel taken before and after the shelling
operation
net cracked kernel
pod being left with kernels in it after shelling
partially-shelled pod
unbroken shell with kernel inside
pod
outlet at which shells come out of the machine in case of the machine with blower(s)
shell outlet
shelled kernel received at all outlet with respect to the total kernel input expressed as
percentage by weight
shelling efficiency
ratio of the weight of the kernel collected at the main kernel outlet to the total kernel
input expressed as percentage by weight
shelling recovery
sum of the weight of kernel collected from the main kernel input and the clean kernel
from the blower loss, separation loss, unshelled loss and scattering loss
total kernel input
ratio of the weight of the kernel that remained in the shell after feeding into the shelling
cylinder to the total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight
unshelled loss
wholly or partially broken and insect-damaged kernel
damaged kernel
machine used to remove kernels from the shell by breaking/splitting the pods
peanut sheller
hull of the pod
shell
whole and damaged kernels freed from shell
shell kernels
unbroken and non-insect damaged kernel
whole kernel
shelled kernel free from foreign matter
clean shelled kernel
wire mesh or perforated sheet metal used to separate large and/or small particles
oscillating screen
sum of blower, separation, unshelled and scattering losses in a sheller, expressed in
percent by weight
total losses
type of shelling cylinder formed by a rolled metal sheet/plate or formed by longitudinal
bars adjacently arranged forming a continuous cylinder
closed-frame cylinder
part of the ear corn where the kernels are attached
corn cob
machine used to remove the husk of corn ear, detach, separate and clean the corn kernels
from the cobs in one operation
corn husker-sheller
machine used to detach, separate and clean the corn kernels from the cobs
corn sheller
type of shelling unit consisting of a cylinder with shelling elements such as knife bar or
pegtooth
cylinder-type
kernels which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters
cracked kernels
type of shelling unit consisting of a vertical disc with spiked surface
disc-type
dehusked corn; corn-in-cob; unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the husk has been
removed mechanically or manually
ear corn
type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber by gravity
hopper-fed type
ratio of the weight of the corn kernel present in the ear corn to the weight of the ear corn
kernel-ear corn ratio
type of shelling cylinder where the shelling elements are attached to the equally spaced
longitudinal bars arranged cylindrically
open-frame cylinder
shelling drum; part of the shelling unit that rotates about an axis and it is equipped with
pegs on its periphery
shelling cylinder
type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber with the
application of external force
table-fed type
kernels that remain in the cob after shelling
unshelled kernels
cleaning fan; rotary device which produces a draught of air across the chaffer and cleaning
sieve(s) to blow away the materials or impurities lighter than grains
blower
concave-shaped, stationary element adjacent to the threshing cylinder or threshing rotor,
fitted primarily to enhance threshing
concave
auxiliary conveyor to assist in feeding the crop to the threshing cylinder
crop elevator
device which carries the grains from grain auger to grain tank or bin
grain elevator
loss classified according to source, including all field losses attributable to the machine
grain loss
pan for collecting the clean grains after being passed through cleaning sieve(s) for conveying to grain auger
grain pan
bin; tank used to hold the threshed grain
grain tank
feed table; portion of the combine comprising the mechanism for gathering, and cutting,
stripping or picking the crop
header
grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s cutting operation
header loss
revolving slats or arms with battens arranged parallel to the cutter bar to hold the crop
being cut by the knife and to push and guide it to a conveyor platform or feeder conveyor
auger
reel
mobile grain-harvesting machine for cutting, picking, stripping or picking up crop,
threshing, separating, cleaning and conveying grain into a grain hopper and depositing
harvest residue onto the ground
rice combine
shoe; oscillating structure which supports the cleaning sieve(s) and which may also
support the chaffer and the chaffer extension
shaker shoe
assembly of two or more racks which agitates the straw and separates the remaining
grains from straw
straw walker
rear beater; element placed on the rear side of the cylinder and above to rear ward of
concave or concave grate extension or transition grate to assist the deflection of straw on
straw walker
stripper beater
auxiliary device used to separate stones from the palay and/or brown rice
destoner
auxiliary device used to classify paddy based on length and thickness
paddy grader
auxiliary device used to separate paddy from brown rice
paddy separator
pearler; auxiliary device used to remove the remaining small bran particles on the milled
rice and gives it a glossy appearance
polisher
auxiliary device used to remove foreign matter/impurities from the paddy before milling
pre-cleaner
dehulled palay (husk/hull removed) with the bran layer still intact
brown rice
measure of the ability of the machine to remove the hulls
coefficient of hulling
measure of the ability of the machine to remove the hulls without breaking the grain
coefficient of wholeness
dehuller; component of a rice mill that removes the hulls (palea and lemma) from the
grains
huller
product of the coefficient of hulling and the coefficient of wholeness of grains, expressed
in percent
hulling efficiency
ratio of the milling recovery obtained in actual testing, to the milling recovery obtained
from the laboratory test mill
milling recovery index
rice mill that employs a series of two or more whitening machines
multi-pass rice mill
ratio of the percent head rice obtained in actual testing, to the percent head rice obtained
from the laboratory test mill
percent head rice index
type of rice mill having an under-runner stone disc huller and vertical cone whitener
cone “cono” type
type of rice mill using rubber roll huller and utilizes friction and/or combination of other
types of whitener
rubber roll type
rice mill that employs only one whitening machine
single-pass rice mill
component of a rice mill that removes the bran layer in the brown rice
whitener
type of whitening machine consisting of a cylinder or cone coated with abrasive material
such as emery stone or any similar materials enclosed in a perforated steel housing
abrasive type
type of whitening machine consisting of a ribbed cylinder enclosed in a perforated steel
housing
friction type
distance between two outermost divider tips
cutting width
degree between the vertical line joining the center of the plant and the imaginary line
where the stalk lodges
lodging angle
free grains that fall with the cut stalks during delivery and release at the side of the reaper
during operation
conveying loss
machine that cuts and lays stalks of planted rice crop
rice reaper
cutting mechanism consists of fixed lower knife and reciprocating upper knife wherein its
movement is controlled by the crank connected to the gear box or belt drive
reciprocating cutter
knife
cutting mechanism consists of planetary type circular saw-toothed blade which rotates at
the same time with the pick-up triangular frame
rotary knife
grain that breaks in the process of dehulling which has a size of less than eighth-tenth
(8/10) of the average length of the whole grain
broken brown rice
cylinder where rubber is bonded
metal drum core
component of rice mill made of rubber bonded to an inner metal drum core use for
hulling
rubber roll
depth of the rubber bonded on the metal drum core
rubber thickness
specified by the width, by the outside diameter and by the core diameter of the rubber
roll
size
