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Blood and Lymph > Structure/Organization of Lymph > Flashcards

Structure/Organization of Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of tissue is Lymphatic tissue?

A

Reticular connective tissue

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2
Q

Body system responsible for adaptive (and in some aspects innate) immunity?

A

Lymphatic system

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3
Q

What makes interstitial fluid and lymph different from blood plasma?

A

Less protein due to it being too large to filter through capillary wall

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4
Q

How many liters of fluid filter from blood into tissue spaces?

A

About 20 liters

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5
Q

Which system must fluid flow back to in order to maintain normal blood volume?

A

Cardiovascular system

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6
Q

How many liters of fluid is filtered daily from the arterial end of blood capillaries?

A

About 17 liters

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7
Q

How many liters per day pass into the lymphatic vessels and returned to the blood?

A

About 3 liters

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8
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Drains excess interstitial fluid
  • Transports dietary lipids
  • Carries out immune response
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9
Q

How are endothelial cells that make up the wall of a lymphatic capillary connected?

A

Overlap at the ends rather than being attached end to end

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10
Q

What happens when pressure is greater in interstitial fluid than in lymph?

A

The cells separate like a one way swinging door

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11
Q

What happens when pressure is greater inside the lymphatic capillary?

A

The cells adhere more closely and the lymph cannot escape back into interstitial fluid

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12
Q

Lymphatic capillaries unite to form what?

A

Larger lymphatic vessels

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13
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels begin and where does it carry lymph?

A

Begins in the tissues and carries lymph towards larger lymphatic vessels

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14
Q

What is the difference between lymphatic vessels and veins?

A

Lymphatic vessels have thinner walls and more valves

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15
Q

What are the 2 main lymphatic channels?

A
  • Thoracic duct
  • Right lymphatic duct
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16
Q

Which is the main lymph collecting duct?

A

Thoracic duct

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17
Q

Where does the thoracic duct receive lymph from?

A

Left side of head, neck, chest, left upper limbs and entire body below the ribs

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18
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct receive lymph?

A

Upper right side of body

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19
Q

Where does the thoracic duct empty lymph?

A

Left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

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20
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty lymph?

A

Right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

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21
Q

Which 2 pumps aid the return of venous blood to the heart and maintain the flow of lymph?

A
  • Skeletal muscle pump
  • Respiratory pump
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22
Q

What action of the skeletal muscle contractions compresses lymphatic vessels and forces lymph into the subclavian veins?

A

Milking action

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23
Q

What prevents the backflow of lymph upon exhalation?

A

Valves

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24
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organ?

A
  • Red bone marrow
  • Thymus
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25
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Lymphatic Nodules
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26
Q

Where are lymph nodes heavily concentrated?

A

Mammary glands, axillae and groin

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27
Q

Lymph nodes contain what cells?

A

B cells, plasma cells, T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages

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28
Q

What is the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body?

A

Spleen

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29
Q

The spleen has what 2 types of tissue?

A

White pulp
Red Pulp

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30
Q

What is the white pulp in the spleen?

A

Lymphatic tissue where B and T cells carry out immune response

31
Q

What is the red pulp in the spleen?

A

Blood filled sinuses where worn-out blood cells and platelets are removed

32
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Barriers provide by the skin and mucous membranes (first line of defense) and various internal defense (second line of defense) such as antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation and fever

33
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A

Cell-mediated immunity and antibody-medicated immunity

34
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Cells that perform phagocytosis thus the ingestion of microbes or other particles

35
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

About 5-10% of lymphocytes that can kill a wide variety of microbes and tumor cells

36
Q

What is inflammation and how does it help?

A

Non specific response of body to tissue damage
Prevents spread to other tissues and prepares site for repair

37
Q

How does fever help the body?

A

Intensifies effects of interferons, inhibits microbial growth and speeds up reactions that aid in repair

38
Q

Where are natural killer cells present?

A

Spleen, nodes and bone marrow

39
Q

What are the 4 main types of antimicrobial substances in the second line of defense?

A
  • Interferons (IFNs)
  • Complement System
  • Iron- binding proteins
  • Antimicrobial Proteins (AMPs)
40
Q

Lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts infected with viruses produce proteins called?

A

Interferons (IFNs)

41
Q

A group of normally inactive proteins in blood plasma and on plasma membranes make up what system?

A

Complement system

42
Q

What does the complement system enhance?

A

Immune, allergic and inflammatory reaction

43
Q

Complement system proteins do what to plasma membranes in microbes?

A

Creates holes

44
Q

Which proteins inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron?

A

Iron-binding protein

45
Q

What are short peptides that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity?

A

Antimicrobial Proteins

46
Q

What are examples of antimicrobial proteins?

A
  • Dermicidin (produced by sweat glands)
  • Cathelicidins (produced by neutrophils, macrophages and epithelia)
  • Thrombocidin (produced by platelets)
47
Q

Besides killing a wide range of microbes, what else do AMPs attract to participate in immune response?

A

Dendritic cells and mast cells

48
Q

What is the next nonspecific defense when microbes penetrate the skin and mucous membranes or by pass antimicrobial substances in blood?

A

Phagocytes and Natural Killer cells

49
Q

What are the 4 signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, pain, heat and swelling

50
Q

Inflammation can cause what to happen to the function of an injured area?

A

Loss of function depending on the site and extent of injury

51
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance such as microbes, foods, drugs, pollen or tissue that the immune system recognizes as foreign

52
Q

What branch of science deals with responses of the body to antigens?

A

Immunology

53
Q

What are the 2 major types of mature T Cells that exit the thymus?

A

Helper T Cells and Cytotoxic T Cells

54
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A

Cell mediated and antibody-mediated immunity

55
Q

Cell mediated immunity is particularly effective against what?

A
  • Intracellular pathogens
  • Cancer cells
  • Foreign tissue implants
56
Q

What immunity involves antibodies that bind to antigens in body humors or fluids (such as blood and lymph)?

A

Antibody- mediated immunity

57
Q

What is another name for anti-body mediated immunity?

A

Humoral immunity

58
Q

When lymphocytes encounter a copy of the antigen and receives stimulatory cues, what does it undergo?

A

Clonal selection

59
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

Formation of a population of identical cells that can recognize the same specific antigen as the original lymphocyte

60
Q

What is the difference in lymphocytes from first exposure to antigen to after clonal selection occurs?

A

First exposure, only a few lymphocytes are able to recognize antigen
After clonal selection, thousands of lymphocytes respond

61
Q

Where does clonal selection occur?

A

Secondary lymphatic tissues

62
Q

A lymphocyte that undergoes clonal selections gives rise to what 2 major types of cells?

A

Effector cells and memory cells

63
Q

Effector cells include what cells?

A

Active helper T cells, Active cytotoxic T cells and plasma cells

64
Q

When do effector cells die off?

A

After immune response has been completed

65
Q

What part of the immune response do memory cells participate in?

A

Memory cells do not actively participate in the initial immune response

66
Q

How long do memory cells last?

A

Long life span, often lasting decades

67
Q

Examples of antigens?

A

Pollen, egg, incompatible blood cells, transplanted tissues

68
Q

What are the “self-antigens” located at the plasma membrane surface of most body cells?

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protiens

69
Q

Antibodies bind to particular antigen much like?

A

Key fits into lock

70
Q

What shape can antibodies assume?

A

T or Y shape

71
Q

What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins?

A

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG

72
Q

Which immunoglobulin is short lived and indicates a recent invasion?

A

IgM

73
Q

Which immunoglobulin can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

74
Q

Which immunoglobulin is in breast milk?

A

IgA

Blood and Lymph (6 decks)

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