HM1 Eggers Review Flashcards
What are the three functions of blood?
Transportation, Regulation, Protection
What is being transported in the blood?
Oxygen, CO2; nutrients, heat, waste products, hormones
What is being regulated in the blood?
PH, body temperature, osmotic pressure (water content)
What is being protected in blood?
Blot clots, white blood cells, proteins (interferons and complement)
What is the PH of blood
7.35-7.45
What is the temperature of blood?
38°C (100.4°F)
What is the blood volume of an average person?
5 to 6 liters (1.5 gal) adult male, 4 to 5 liters (1.2 gal) adult female
Whole blood is composed of what two portions?
Formed elements and blood plasma
What percentage is formed elements?
45%
What percentage is plasma?
55%
What is the break down for plasma?
Blood Plasma is about 91.5% water, 7% proteins, and 1.5% solutes other than proteins.
What is the most plentiful protein?
Albumin
What is the most abundant cell in formed elements?
Red blood cell 99%
What is another name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
What is another name for platelets?
Thrombocytes
What is another name for white blood cells?
Leukocytes
What is the normal platelet count?
150,000-400,000
What is hematopoiesis
Process by which the formed elements of blood develop
Where does hematopoiesis begin?
At pluripotent stem cells
Pluripotent stem cells develop into how many lines and what are they?
2: Myeloid and lymphoid
What is a left shift?
> 10% considered abnormal and are immature neutrophils which are called bands
What is a left shift considered?
A poor prognosis
What is hemostasis?
sequence of responses that stops bleeding when blood vessels are injured
What are the three mechanisms to reduce blood loss?
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting (coagulation)
. What are the three stages of coagulation?
Step 1 – Prothrombinase is formed.
Step 2 – Prothrombinase converts prothrombin (a plasma protein formed in the liver with the help of vitamin K) into the enzyme thrombin.
Step 3 – Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen (another plasma protein made by the liver) into insoluble fibrin.
What interferes with step 3 of coagulation
Smoking
What is fibrinolysis?
Blood and body tissues contain substances that activate plasminogen into plasmin. Once plasmin activates it begins digesting and dissolving fibrin threads thus removing the clot.
What is clotting in an unbroken vessel?
Thrombosis
What is the clot in thrombosis called?
Embolus or emboli
Where do emboli form?
Often form in veins, where blood flow is slower
The surfaces of red blood cells contain a genetically determined assortment of what and are composed of glycolipids and glycoproteins?
Antigens
What is another name for antigens
Agglutinogens
What are the two major blood groups discussed?
ABO and Rh
In the ABO blood group what 2 antigens are there?
A and B
In the Rh what antigen is dealt with?
Rh antigen or D antigen
Which blood group has naturally occurring antibodies?
ABO
What are the five blood products?
Fresh Whole Blood, Plasma, Packed RBC, Platelets; Frozen
When would you use fresh whole blood?
Massive hemorrhage when more than 10 units are expected to be required and Cardiac surgery.
What does fresh whole blood give that other blood products does not?
1:1:1 ratio
What is a hemolytic transfusion reaction?
Most severe are acute, involving incompatible mismatches in the ABO system. Most due to clerical errors and mislabeled specimens.
How would you treat a patient with a hemolytic transfusion reaction?
Stop transfusion immediately. Vigorously hydrate patient to prevent acute tubular necrosis. Forced diuresis with mannitol may help prevent or minimize acute kidney injury.
What is the normal HCT level?
Males is 42%-52%. Females is 37%-47%.
What kind of tissue is lymphatic tissue?
Reticular connective tissue
What is the difference between lymph and blood plasma?
Main difference is that interstitial fluid and lymph contain less protein than blood plasma
How much fluid from blood is filtered each day?
About 20 liters
How much fluid is being re-uptaked into the cardiovascular system?
17 liters
How much goes into lymph system?
3 liters
What are the three primary functions of the lymphatic system?
Drains excess interstitial fluid; Transports Dietary Lipids; Carries out Immune Responses.
Where do lymphatic capillaries start?
Lymphatic capillaries begin in the tissues and carry the lymph that forms there toward a larger lymphatic vessel. Closed at one end and located in the spaces between cells.
What happens when interstitial fluid pressure is greater than in the lymph?
the cells separate slightly, like a one-way swinging door, and interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic capillary
What happens when pressure is greater inside the lymphatic capillary than the interstitial fluid?
the cells adhere more closely and lymph cannot escape back into interstitial fluid.
What are the two main lymphatic channels?
Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct receives and drains where?
Receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest; the left upper limb; and the entire body below the ribs.
Right lymphatic duct drains where?
Drains lymph from the upper right side of the body
What are the two pumps that help move lymph?
Skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump
What are the primary lymphatic organs?
Red bone marrow and thymus
What are the secondary lymphatic organs?
Lymph node, spleen, lymphatic nodules
The spleen is what and contains what?
Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body. Contains two types of tissue, white pulp (lymphatic tissue where B and T cells carry out immune responses) and red pulp (blood-filled sinuses where worn-out blood cells and platelets are removed).
Where are lymphatic nodules found?
In the connective tissue of mucous membranes lining the gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts and the respiratory airways.
Innate immunity is what?
Includes barriers provided by the skin and mucous membranes (First Line of Defense) and also includes various internal defenses (Second Line of Defense), such as antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever.
What is phagocytosis?
The ingestion of microbes or other particles. (cells eating cells)
What do natural killer cells do?
Kill a wide variety of microbes and tumor cells. Present in spleen, nodes and red bone marrow. They cause cellular destruction by releasing proteins that destroy the target cells membrane. (poke it to kill it)
What does inflammation do?
Prevents spread to other tissues and prepares site for repair.
What does fever do?
Intensifies effects of interferons, inhibits microbial growth and speeds up reactions that aid in repair.
What are signs of inflammation?
Swelling, heat, redness, pain
What are the four antimicrobial substances, what do the interferons do
Diffuse to uninfected neighboring cells, where they stimulate synthesis of proteins that interfere with viral replication.
What does complement do
Enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions. Create holes in the plasma membrane of the microbe.
What is the purpose of iron-binding proteins?
Inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron.
What do antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) do?
Attract dendritic cells and mast cells, which participate in immune responses.
What does MHC protein do?
Identifies and keeps body from attacking itself
T Cells exit Thymus as what two major cells?
Helper T Cells and Cytotoxic T Cells
What do Cytotoxic T Cells do?
Kill
What do helper T Cells do?
Coordinate and activate both T Cells and B Cells
What happens during clonal selection?
Lymphocyte proliferates (divides) and differentiates (forms more highly specialized cells) in response to a specific antigen. Creates memory cells and effector cells
What is the lifespan of effector cells?
Short lived
What is the lifespan of memory cells?
Long lived
What are the five classes of immunoglobulins?
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.
Which on recognizes a recent infection?
IgM
Which one is in breast milk?
IgA
