Structure/Organization of Blood

Question 1

What kind of tissue is blood?

Answer 1

Connective

Question 2

What are the 3 general functions of blood?

Answer 2

Transportation, regulation and protection

Question 3

What does blood transport?

Answer 3

-O2 from lungs to cells throughout the body
-CO2 from cells to lungs
-Nutrients from GI

Question 4

What does blood regulate?

Answer 4

pH of body fluids

Question 5

Which part of blood acts as a coolant?

Answer 5

Plasma

Question 6

Blood osmotic pressure influences what content in cells?

Answer 6

Water content

Question 7

How does blood provide protection?

Answer 7

• Blood clots in response to injury
• WBCs, proteins (interferons and complement) protect against disease

Question 8

What is more viscous, blood or water?

Answer 8

Blood

Question 9

What is the temperature of blood?

Answer 9

38C/100.4F

Question 10

What is the pH of blood?

Answer 10

7.35-7.45, slightly alkaline

Question 11

Blood constitutes what percentage of total body weight?

Answer 11

8%

Question 12

How much blood volume does an average sized male and female have?

Answer 12

Male= 5-6 liters (1.5gal)
Female= 4-5 liters (1.2 gal)

Question 13

Whole blood is composed of what 2 portions and what are their percentages?

Answer 13

• 55% Blood Plasma
• 45% Formed elements

Question 14

Formed elements are what percentage RBCs and WBCs?

Answer 14

• 99% RBCs
  -<1% WBCs and platelets

Question 15

HCT ranges for males and females?

Answer 15

Males= 42%-52%
Females= 37%-47%

Question 16

What is the Buffy Coat?

Answer 16

WBCs and platelets which are <1% of total blood volume

Question 17

What are the percentages of water, proteins and solutes that make up blood plasma?

Answer 17

91.5% water
7% protein
1.5% solutes

Question 18

What is the most plentiful plasma proteins and what percentage of plasma protein does it account for?

Answer 18

Albumins 54%

Question 19

Healthy adult male and female RBCs count?

Answer 19

Males= 5.4 million RBCs/microliter
Females= 4.8 million RBCs/microliter

Question 20

What is another name for RBCs?

Answer 20

Erythrocytes

Question 21

What gives whole blood its red color?

Answer 21

Hemoglobin

Question 22

Hemoglobin transports what percentage of CO2 in blood?

Answer 22

23%

Question 23

How long do RBC’s live for and why?

Answer 23

120 days due to wear and tear on plasma membranes as they squeeze through capillaries

Question 24

Normal WBC count?

Answer 24

5,000-10,000/microliters

Question 25

How long do WBCs live for?

Answer 25

Few hours-few days

Question 26

Another name for WBCs?

Answer 26

Leukocytes

Question 27

What do WBC's contain that RBCs do not?

Answer 27

Nuclei and organelles

Question 28

How are WBCs classified?

Answer 28

Granular or Agranular

Question 29

Granule (vesicles) are made visible how?

Answer 29

By staining

Question 30

What are the 3 granular leukocytes and what are their percentages in all of WBCs?

Answer 30

- Neutrophils 50-70% - Eosinophils 1-5% - Basophils 0-1%

Question 31

Neutrophils destroy bacteria with lysozymes, defensins and strong oxidants in a process called?

Answer 31

Phagocytosis

Question 32

Eosinophils suppress what in allergic reactions and destroy what?

Answer 32

- Suppresses effects histamine - Destroys parasitic worms

Question 33

Basophils release what chemicals during what response in which reaction?

Answer 33

Releases, heparin, histamine and serotonin that intensifies the inflammatory response in allergic reactions

Question 34

What are the 2 agranular leukocytes and what are their percentages in all of WBCs?

Answer 34

- Lymphocytes 20-40% - Monocytes 1-6%

Question 35

What response does lymphocytes mediate?

Answer 35

Immune response

Question 35

What response does lymphocytes mediate?

Answer 35

Immune response

Question 35

What response does lymphocytes mediate?

Answer 35

Immune response

Question 36

Monocytes transform into a fixed histiocyte or a wandering macrophage in a process called?

Answer 36

Phagocytic

Question 37

Normal platelet count?

Answer 37

150,000-400,000 microliters

Question 38

How long do platelets live and what do they contain?

Answer 38

5-9 days, contain vesicles but no nucleus

Question 39

What is hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis?

Answer 39

Process by which formed elements of blood develop

Question 40

What is the primary site of hemopoiesis?

Answer 40

Red bone marrow

Question 41

Pluripotent stem cells develop into which 2 cell lines?

Answer 41

Myeloid and Lymphoid

Question 42

Where do myeloid stem cells mature?

Answer 42

Bone marrow

Question 43

What cells do myeloid stem cells become?

Answer 43

- RBCs - Platelets - Eosinophils - Mast Cells - Basophils - Neutrophils - Monocytes

Question 44

Lymphoid cells begin in the bone marrow but mature where?

Answer 44

Lymphatic tissue

Question 45

Lymphoid stem cells mature into which cells?

Answer 45

- T cells - B cells - Natural Killer cells

Question 46

What are bands?

Answer 46

Immature neutrophils

Question 47

What percentage of bands is considered abnormal and what could be the cause?

Answer 47

>10% maybe due to "left shift". The body is fighting an infection for so long that bone marrow cannot produce enough and must send immature neutrophils

Question 48

What kind of prognosis is a left shift?

Answer 48

A poor one

Question 49

Blasts are associated with what kind of disorders?

Answer 49

Myelodysplastic disorders (Cancer)

Question 50

What is hemostasis?

Answer 50

Sequence of responses that stops bleeding when blood vessels are injured

Question 51

What are the 3 mechanisms that can reduce blood loss?

Answer 51

- Vascular Spasms - Platelet Plug Formation - Blood Clotting (coagulation)

Question 52

What is a vascular spasm?

Answer 52

When a blood vessel is damaged, smooth muscle in the wall contracts immediately

Question 53

During platelet plug formation, what do platelets initially stick to?

Answer 53

Parts of the damaged cell wall such as collagen fibers

Question 54

A large number of platelets form what?

Answer 54

Platelet plug

Question 55

What is serum?

Answer 55

Plasma w/o clotting proteins

Question 56

Series of chemical reactions that culminate in the formation of fibrin threads is called?

Answer 56

Coagulation

Question 57

If blood clots too easily, what can result?

Answer 57

Thrombosis

Question 58

If clotting takes too long, what can occur?

Answer 58

Hemorrhage

Question 59

What ion does clotting (coagulation) contain?

Answer 59

Calcium ions

Question 60

How are clotting factors identified

Answer 60

Roman Numerals

Question 61

What are the 3 stages of clotting?

Answer 61

Stage 1- Prothrombinase is formed Stage 2- Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin Stage 3- Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

Question 62

What structure does fibrin form in?

Answer 62

Lattice or net like

Question 63

What contains substances that interfere with clotting?

Answer 63

Cigarette Smoking

Question 64

When does fibrinolysis occur?

Answer 64

Simultaneously as coagulation occurs

Question 65

What inactive plasma enzyme is incorporated in blood clots?

Answer 65

Plasminogen

Question 66

Once plasminogen activates into plasmin, what happens to the clot?

Answer 66

Plasmin begins digesting and dissolving fibrin threads, removing the clot

Question 67

What are antigens on the surface of RBC's composed of?

Answer 67

Glycolipids and glycoproteins

Question 68

The antigens on RBC's are called?

Answer 68

Agglutinogens

Question 69

What are the 2 major blood groups?

Answer 69

ABO and Rh

Question 70

The ABO group is based on what 2 antigens?

Answer 70

A and B

Question 71

RBC's with only antigen A have which type blood?

Answer 71

A

Question 72

RBC's with only antigen B have which type blood?

Answer 72

B

Question 73

RBC's with A and B have which type blood?

Answer 73

AB

Question 74

RBC's without A and B have which type blood?

Answer 74

O

Question 75

Does your body have antibodies for the antigens you have or for the antigens you lack?

Answer 75

Antigens you lack

Question 76

Those with Rh antigen are designated how?

Answer 76

Rh positive

Question 77

Those w/o Rh antigen are designated how?

Answer 77

Rh negative

Question 78

What is the ratio of RBC, plasma and fresh platelets in fresh whole blood transfusion

Answer 78

1:1:1

Question 79

Indications for use of whole blood transfusion

Answer 79

Massive hemorrhage when >10units is expected Cardiac surgery

Question 80

Whole blood transfusion must be what?

Answer 80

ABO type and Rh specific unless low titer O

Question 81

What percentage of crew must be identified for walking blood bank and which forms must be prefilled?

Answer 81

10% of crew, prefill DD572s and identify low tier Os

Question 82

Most common transfusion to raise hemoglobin?

Answer 82

Packed RBCs

Question 83

How much is each unit of packed RBCs?

Answer 83

300ml, 200ml consist of RBCs

Question 84

How much will 1 unit of packed RBC's bring up hemoglobin?

Answer 84

About 1g/dL

Question 85

When should packed RBC's be given to critically ill patients?

Answer 85

When hemoglobin falls below 7-8g/dL

Question 86

Most blood products today are what?

Answer 86

Leukocyte poor/leuko reduced

Question 87

What are autologous packed RBCs?

Answer 87

Patients scheduled for elective surgery may donate their own blood for transfuse if it becomes necessary