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Blood and Lymph > Structure/Organization of Blood > Flashcards

Structure/Organization of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

Connective

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2
Q

What are the 3 general functions of blood?

A

Transportation, regulation and protection

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3
Q

What does blood transport?

A

-O2 from lungs to cells throughout the body
-CO2 from cells to lungs
-Nutrients from GI

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4
Q

What does blood regulate?

A

pH of body fluids

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5
Q

Which part of blood acts as a coolant?

A

Plasma

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6
Q

Blood osmotic pressure influences what content in cells?

A

Water content

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7
Q

How does blood provide protection?

A
  • Blood clots in response to injury
  • WBCs, proteins (interferons and complement) protect against disease
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8
Q

What is more viscous, blood or water?

A

Blood

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9
Q

What is the temperature of blood?

A

38C/100.4F

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10
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45, slightly alkaline

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11
Q

Blood constitutes what percentage of total body weight?

A

8%

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12
Q

How much blood volume does an average sized male and female have?

A

Male= 5-6 liters (1.5gal)
Female= 4-5 liters (1.2 gal)

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13
Q

Whole blood is composed of what 2 portions and what are their percentages?

A
  • 55% Blood Plasma
  • 45% Formed elements
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14
Q

Formed elements are what percentage RBCs and WBCs?

A
  • 99% RBCs
    -<1% WBCs and platelets
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15
Q

HCT ranges for males and females?

A

Males= 42%-52%
Females= 37%-47%

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16
Q

What is the Buffy Coat?

A

WBCs and platelets which are <1% of total blood volume

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17
Q

What are the percentages of water, proteins and solutes that make up blood plasma?

A

91.5% water
7% protein
1.5% solutes

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18
Q

What is the most plentiful plasma proteins and what percentage of plasma protein does it account for?

A

Albumins 54%

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19
Q

Healthy adult male and female RBCs count?

A

Males= 5.4 million RBCs/microliter
Females= 4.8 million RBCs/microliter

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20
Q

What is another name for RBCs?

A

Erythrocytes

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21
Q

What gives whole blood its red color?

A

Hemoglobin

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22
Q

Hemoglobin transports what percentage of CO2 in blood?

A

23%

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23
Q

How long do RBC’s live for and why?

A

120 days due to wear and tear on plasma membranes as they squeeze through capillaries

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24
Q

Normal WBC count?

A

5,000-10,000/microliters

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25
Q

How long do WBCs live for?

A

Few hours-few days

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26
Q

Another name for WBCs?

A

Leukocytes

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27
Q

What do WBC’s contain that RBCs do not?

A

Nuclei and organelles

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28
Q

How are WBCs classified?

A

Granular or Agranular

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29
Q

Granule (vesicles) are made visible how?

A

By staining

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30
Q

What are the 3 granular leukocytes and what are their percentages in all of WBCs?

A
  • Neutrophils 50-70%
  • Eosinophils 1-5%
  • Basophils 0-1%
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31
Q

Neutrophils destroy bacteria with lysozymes, defensins and strong oxidants in a process called?

A

Phagocytosis

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32
Q

Eosinophils suppress what in allergic reactions and destroy what?

A
  • Suppresses effects histamine
  • Destroys parasitic worms
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33
Q

Basophils release what chemicals during what response in which reaction?

A

Releases, heparin, histamine and serotonin that intensifies the inflammatory response in allergic reactions

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34
Q

What are the 2 agranular leukocytes and what are their percentages in all of WBCs?

A
  • Lymphocytes 20-40%
  • Monocytes 1-6%
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35
Q

What response does lymphocytes mediate?

A

Immune response

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35
Q

What response does lymphocytes mediate?

A

Immune response

35
Q

What response does lymphocytes mediate?

A

Immune response

36
Q

Monocytes transform into a fixed histiocyte or a wandering macrophage in a process called?

A

Phagocytic

37
Q

Normal platelet count?

A

150,000-400,000 microliters

38
Q

How long do platelets live and what do they contain?

A

5-9 days, contain vesicles but no nucleus

39
Q

What is hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis?

A

Process by which formed elements of blood develop

40
Q

What is the primary site of hemopoiesis?

A

Red bone marrow

41
Q

Pluripotent stem cells develop into which 2 cell lines?

A

Myeloid and Lymphoid

42
Q

Where do myeloid stem cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

43
Q

What cells do myeloid stem cells become?

A
  • RBCs
  • Platelets
  • Eosinophils
  • Mast Cells
  • Basophils
  • Neutrophils
  • Monocytes
44
Q

Lymphoid cells begin in the bone marrow but mature where?

A

Lymphatic tissue

45
Q

Lymphoid stem cells mature into which cells?

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • Natural Killer cells
46
Q

What are bands?

A

Immature neutrophils

47
Q

What percentage of bands is considered abnormal and what could be the cause?

A

> 10% maybe due to “left shift”. The body is fighting an infection for so long that bone marrow cannot produce enough and must send immature neutrophils

48
Q

What kind of prognosis is a left shift?

A

A poor one

49
Q

Blasts are associated with what kind of disorders?

A

Myelodysplastic disorders (Cancer)

50
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Sequence of responses that stops bleeding when blood vessels are injured

51
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms that can reduce blood loss?

A
  • Vascular Spasms
  • Platelet Plug Formation
  • Blood Clotting (coagulation)
52
Q

What is a vascular spasm?

A

When a blood vessel is damaged, smooth muscle in the wall contracts immediately

53
Q

During platelet plug formation, what do platelets initially stick to?

A

Parts of the damaged cell wall such as collagen fibers

54
Q

A large number of platelets form what?

A

Platelet plug

55
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma w/o clotting proteins

56
Q

Series of chemical reactions that culminate in the formation of fibrin threads is called?

A

Coagulation

57
Q

If blood clots too easily, what can result?

A

Thrombosis

58
Q

If clotting takes too long, what can occur?

A

Hemorrhage

59
Q

What ion does clotting (coagulation) contain?

A

Calcium ions

60
Q

How are clotting factors identified

A

Roman Numerals

61
Q

What are the 3 stages of clotting?

A

Stage 1- Prothrombinase is formed
Stage 2- Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
Stage 3- Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

62
Q

What structure does fibrin form in?

A

Lattice or net like

63
Q

What contains substances that interfere with clotting?

A

Cigarette Smoking

64
Q

When does fibrinolysis occur?

A

Simultaneously as coagulation occurs

65
Q

What inactive plasma enzyme is incorporated in blood clots?

A

Plasminogen

66
Q

Once plasminogen activates into plasmin, what happens to the clot?

A

Plasmin begins digesting and dissolving fibrin threads, removing the clot

67
Q

What are antigens on the surface of RBC’s composed of?

A

Glycolipids and glycoproteins

68
Q

The antigens on RBC’s are called?

A

Agglutinogens

69
Q

What are the 2 major blood groups?

A

ABO and Rh

70
Q

The ABO group is based on what 2 antigens?

71
Q

RBC’s with only antigen A have which type blood?

72
Q

RBC’s with only antigen B have which type blood?

73
Q

RBC’s with A and B have which type blood?

74
Q

RBC’s without A and B have which type blood?

75
Q

Does your body have antibodies for the antigens you have or for the antigens you lack?

A

Antigens you lack

76
Q

Those with Rh antigen are designated how?

A

Rh positive

77
Q

Those w/o Rh antigen are designated how?

A

Rh negative

78
Q

What is the ratio of RBC, plasma and fresh platelets in fresh whole blood transfusion

79
Q

Indications for use of whole blood transfusion

A

Massive hemorrhage when >10units is expected
Cardiac surgery

80
Q

Whole blood transfusion must be what?

A

ABO type and Rh specific unless low titer O

81
Q

What percentage of crew must be identified for walking blood bank and which forms must be prefilled?

A

10% of crew, prefill DD572s and identify low tier Os

82
Q

Most common transfusion to raise hemoglobin?

A

Packed RBCs

83
Q

How much is each unit of packed RBCs?

A

300ml, 200ml consist of RBCs

84
Q

How much will 1 unit of packed RBC’s bring up hemoglobin?

A

About 1g/dL

85
Q

When should packed RBC’s be given to critically ill patients?

A

When hemoglobin falls below 7-8g/dL

86
Q

Most blood products today are what?

A

Leukocyte poor/leuko reduced

87
Q

What are autologous packed RBCs?

A

Patients scheduled for elective surgery may donate their own blood for transfuse if it becomes necessary

Blood and Lymph (6 decks)

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