Structure of Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the function of the Respiratory system?
Gas exchange, Acid/Base balance, Phonation, Defense mechanisms, Metabolism, Handling bioactive materials
what is the upper airway?
Nose, sinuses, larynx
What is the function of the upper airways?
“condition” inspired air. (humidify/filter) It also provides a lot of resistance, which can increase when you have an infection.
What is the conducting zone?
The Respiratory zone?
Conducting zone-Mouth to terminal bronchioles.
Respiratory zone-respiratory bronchioles to alveoli.
what comprises the bronchus wall?
Cilia, pseudostratified columnar epithelium, smooth muscle, MUCUS GLANDS, CARTILAGE
What comprises the brionchiole wall?
Cilia, Simple columnar epithelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue
What comprises the alveolus wall?
Simple squamous epithelium, connective tissue.
What increases secretions from goblet cells?
Smoke Pollutants
What makes up submucosal treacheobronchial glands?
What controls them?
Serous and mucus cells
Controlled by SANS and PANS, peptides, inflammatory mediators
What do ciliated epithelial cells produce/absorb?
Cl- is produced and secreted
Na+ absorbed
Cystic fibrosis patients cant do what?since
abnormal Cl- production
Cant absorb Na+ - thick mucus
Type I cell/Type II cell/alveolar macrophage
Covers 90% area/Produce surfactant/phagocytize inspired stuff
What makes up the respiratory unit?
Bronchiole, alveolar ducts, atria, alveoli
What is a pore of kohn?
pore between alveoli, allows for collateral ventilation
fluid and bacterial can also pass through-bad
What makes up the respiratory membrane?
Surfactant fluid around alveoli, alveolar epithelium, epithelial basement membrane, interstitial space, capillary basement membrane, capillary endothelium
What is the lung interstitium composed of?
Connective tissue, smooth muscle, lymphatics, capillaries, cells (fibroblasts)
What do the fibroblasts in the lung interstitium produce?
Collagen and elastin - elastic distention and recoil
Describe the parietal pleura.
It is a double layer. space between has a tiny amount of fluid. This is important to maintain the neg pressure to produce lung expansion.
Does the parietal pleura contain lymphatics?
Yes, The openings into the pleural cavity are called stoma, helps to get rid of excess fluid to maintain the cavity
What are the components of the parietal pleura?
Stomata (lymph vessels), Microvessels are closer to the surface - responsible for the pleural liquid formation in humans
What is different about the visceral pleura?
No stomata, microvessels are further from the surface
What is the purpose of the pleural fluid?
Smooth expansion of lungs, transmission of pressure
Describe Pleural Effusion
Most common in congestive heart failure (increased pulmonary hydrostatic pressure from visceral side),
Increased microvascular hydrostatic pressure
increase microvascular permeability
Decreased clearance rate - systemic venous hypertension
Decreased microvascular oncotic pressure,
decreased pleural pressure
bLockade of lymphatic drainage-disturbed pleural pressure
Where do you get airway resistance in the lower respiratory tract?
Bronchi and bronchioles (muscle contraction and secretion from glands)
describe Type I cells
Fewer in number than Type II, flat, cytoplasmic extensions, 95% lining
describe Type II cells
Thicker, inclusion bodies, surfactant secreting (composed of proteins and phospholipids)
