Structure of Respiratory System

Question 1

What is the function of the Respiratory system?

Answer 1

Gas exchange, Acid/Base balance, Phonation, Defense mechanisms, Metabolism, Handling bioactive materials

Question 2

what is the upper airway?

Answer 2

Nose, sinuses, larynx

Question 3

What is the function of the upper airways?

Answer 3

“condition” inspired air. (humidify/filter) It also provides a lot of resistance, which can increase when you have an infection.

Question 4

What is the conducting zone?

The Respiratory zone?

Answer 4

Conducting zone-Mouth to terminal bronchioles.

Respiratory zone-respiratory bronchioles to alveoli.

Question 5

what comprises the bronchus wall?

Answer 5

Cilia, pseudostratified columnar epithelium, smooth muscle, MUCUS GLANDS, CARTILAGE

Question 6

What comprises the brionchiole wall?

Answer 6

Cilia, Simple columnar epithelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue

Question 7

What comprises the alveolus wall?

Answer 7

Simple squamous epithelium, connective tissue.

Question 8

What increases secretions from goblet cells?

Answer 8

Smoke Pollutants

Question 9

What makes up submucosal treacheobronchial glands?

What controls them?

Answer 9

Serous and mucus cells

Controlled by SANS and PANS, peptides, inflammatory mediators

Question 10

What do ciliated epithelial cells produce/absorb?

Answer 10

Cl- is produced and secreted

Na+ absorbed

Question 11

Cystic fibrosis patients cant do what?since

Answer 11

abnormal Cl- production

Cant absorb Na+ - thick mucus

Question 12

Type I cell/Type II cell/alveolar macrophage

Answer 12

Covers 90% area/Produce surfactant/phagocytize inspired stuff

Question 13

What makes up the respiratory unit?

Answer 13

Bronchiole, alveolar ducts, atria, alveoli

Question 14

What is a pore of kohn?

Answer 14

pore between alveoli, allows for collateral ventilation

fluid and bacterial can also pass through-bad

Question 15

What makes up the respiratory membrane?

Answer 15

Surfactant fluid around alveoli, alveolar epithelium, epithelial basement membrane, interstitial space, capillary basement membrane, capillary endothelium

Question 16

What is the lung interstitium composed of?

Answer 16

Connective tissue, smooth muscle, lymphatics, capillaries, cells (fibroblasts)

Question 17

What do the fibroblasts in the lung interstitium produce?

Answer 17

Collagen and elastin - elastic distention and recoil

Question 18

Describe the parietal pleura.

Answer 18

It is a double layer. space between has a tiny amount of fluid. This is important to maintain the neg pressure to produce lung expansion.

Question 19

Does the parietal pleura contain lymphatics?

Answer 19

Yes, The openings into the pleural cavity are called stoma, helps to get rid of excess fluid to maintain the cavity

Question 20

What are the components of the parietal pleura?

Answer 20

Stomata (lymph vessels), Microvessels are closer to the surface - responsible for the pleural liquid formation in humans

Question 21

What is different about the visceral pleura?

Answer 21

No stomata, microvessels are further from the surface

Question 22

What is the purpose of the pleural fluid?

Answer 22

Smooth expansion of lungs, transmission of pressure

Question 23

Describe Pleural Effusion

Answer 23

Most common in congestive heart failure (increased pulmonary hydrostatic pressure from visceral side),
Increased microvascular hydrostatic pressure
increase microvascular permeability
Decreased clearance rate - systemic venous hypertension
Decreased microvascular oncotic pressure,
decreased pleural pressure
bLockade of lymphatic drainage-disturbed pleural pressure

Question 24

Where do you get airway resistance in the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 24

Bronchi and bronchioles (muscle contraction and secretion from glands)

Question 25

describe Type I cells

Answer 25

Fewer in number than Type II, flat, cytoplasmic extensions, 95% lining

Question 26

describe Type II cells

Answer 26

Thicker, inclusion bodies, surfactant secreting (composed of proteins and phospholipids)