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Semester 2 Year 1 > Structure Of Muscles > Flashcards

Structure Of Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

How is muscle attached to bones?

A

Tendons

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2
Q

What supports nerves and capillaries in muscles?

A

Extensive connective tissue

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3
Q

What are muscle fibre bundles known as?

A

Fascicles - wrapped in Perimysium

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4
Q

What layers are there in muscle fibres?

A

Epimysium

Perimysium

Fascicles

Endomysium

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5
Q

What is Epimysium?

A

Dense collagenous sheath

Surrounds gross muscle

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6
Q

What is Perimysium?

A

Loose collagenous connective tissue

Surrounds fascicle

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7
Q

What’s Endomysium?

A

Separates muscle fibres

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8
Q

What’s a fascicle?

A

A group of elongated bundles of muscle fibres

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9
Q

What’s each muscle fibre surrounded by?

A

Endomysium

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10
Q

What forms gross muscle?

A

Fascicles coming together

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11
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Transmit force generated by muscle to bones

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12
Q

Stain used for muscles:

A

Haemotoxylin and Eosin (H&E)

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13
Q

What type of dye is haemotoxylin?

A

Basic

Stains purple/blue

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14
Q

WHat type of dye is Eosin?

A

Acidic

Red/pink

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15
Q

Why may there be white areas on histology stain?

A

Connective tissue that has been dehydrated while creating slides

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16
Q

Nuclei in skeletal muscle:

A

Multinucleated

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17
Q

What does skeletal muscle fibre as contain a lot of?

A

Mitochondria

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18
Q

What special structures does skeletal muscle fibres contain?

A

Transverse tubules (T tubules)

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19
Q

What repeating structure does skeletal muscle fibres have?

A

Sacromeres and myofibrils

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20
Q

Intracellular structures in muscle:

A

Sarcolemma

Sarcoplasm

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

What’s sarcolemma equivalent to?

A

Plasma membrane

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22
Q

What’s sarcoplasm equivalent to?

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

What’s sarcoplasmic reticulum equivalent to?

A

Smooth ER

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24
Q

What’s control is skeletal muscle under?

A

Voluntary and reflexive control

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25
What are characteristic features of skeletal muscle fibres in longitudinal section?
Elongated, unbranded, cylindrical cells Many flattened nuclei beneath sarcolemma
26
What bands make up striations in skeletal muscle fibres?
I and A bands
27
What are I bands?
Light colour in stain Isotropic
28
What do I bands contain?
Actin - light filaments
29
What are A bands?
Dark colour in stain Anisotropic bands
30
What do A bands contain?
Myosin - heavy filaments
31
What bisects I bands?
Z lines
32
Where is the nucleus found in skeletalmuscle fibres?
Periphery of cell
33
What does sarcoplasm in skeletal muscle contain?
Myofibrils and mitochondria
34
How are myofibrils oriented in sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle?
Parallel to long axis of cell
35
How are mitochondria oriented in sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle?
Rows Parallel to long axis of cell
36
What are Z bands?
Electron-dense Bisect I bands
37
What do Z lines do?
Divide each myofibril into sacromeres (contractile units)
38
What’;s found in the spaces between myofibrils in skeletal muscle?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
39
What are tubules in sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle important for?
Conducting electrical signal into centre of muscle fibre
40
Nuclei in cardiac muscle cells:
One nuclei in centre of each cell
41
Characteristics of cardiac muscle:
Striated Gap junctions Desmosomes Intercalated discs
42
What mechanism does cardiac muscle use to contract?
Sliding filament mechanism
43
Role of desmosomes in cardiac muscle:
Mechanical connection between cells
44
Role of gap junctions in cardiac muscle:
Electrical connection between cells
45
Role of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle:
Mechanical and electrophysiological coupling
46
Why are gap junctions critical in cardiac muscle?
To allow heart to be electrically coupled
47
What other cells are found in cardiac muscle?
Nodal cells
48
What do nodal cells do?
Stimulate action potentials
49
Absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle:
250ms
50
What can tetanic contractions cause?
Interference of heart’s ability to pump
51
What are gap junctions constructed from?
Hexagonal array of protein subunits - connexins
52
What do gap junctions act as in cardiac muscle?
Communicating channels - connexon
53
What molecules pass through gap junctions?
Small molecules (Ions and glucose size)
54
What do gap junctions link?
Adjacent myocytes
55
What pathway do gap junctions provide?
Direct electrical and chemical communications
56
How can you measure current through gap junctions?
Whole-cell patch clamp
57
What does smooth muscle contain?
Actin and myosin filaments
58
What doesn’t smooth muscle have?
Z discs No visible striations
59
How are acting and myosin filaments aligned in smooth muscle?
Along long axis of cells
60
How are filaments anchored in smooth muscle?
At dense bodies in sarcoplasm
61
What do dense bodies in smooth muscles contain?
a-actinin
62
How are contractile arrays anchored in smooth muscle?
To sarcolemma by dense plaques
63
What are smooth muscle cells connected by?
Focal adhesions (adherens junctions)
64
Shape of smooth muscle cells:
Elongated and spindle-shaped
65
What are the ends of smooth muscle cells like?
Tapered - occasionally bifurcated (divided into two branches)
66
Smooth muscle cells compared to skeletal muscle cells:
Shorter Only one nucleus - located and central
67
How are individual smooth muscle fibres arranged?
Roughly parallel to each other
68
Why are smooth/visceral muscle cells unstriated?
Contractile proteins not arranged in myofibrils
69
Type of control in smooth muscle:
Involuntary and autonomic innervation
70
What are smooth muscle fibres surrounded by?
Network of collagen
71
Mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle cells:
Different to skeletal and cardiac Shorten and broaden
72
What do smooth muscle fibres surround?
Blood vessels GI tract Bronchial airways

Semester 2 Year 1 (12 decks)

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