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Semester 2 Year 1 > Structure Of Muscles > Flashcards

Structure Of Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

How is muscle attached to bones?

A

Tendons

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2
Q

What supports nerves and capillaries in muscles?

A

Extensive connective tissue

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3
Q

What are muscle fibre bundles known as?

A

Fascicles - wrapped in Perimysium

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4
Q

What layers are there in muscle fibres?

A

Epimysium

Perimysium

Fascicles

Endomysium

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5
Q

What is Epimysium?

A

Dense collagenous sheath

Surrounds gross muscle

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6
Q

What is Perimysium?

A

Loose collagenous connective tissue

Surrounds fascicle

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7
Q

What’s Endomysium?

A

Separates muscle fibres

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8
Q

What’s a fascicle?

A

A group of elongated bundles of muscle fibres

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9
Q

What’s each muscle fibre surrounded by?

A

Endomysium

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10
Q

What forms gross muscle?

A

Fascicles coming together

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11
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Transmit force generated by muscle to bones

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12
Q

Stain used for muscles:

A

Haemotoxylin and Eosin (H&E)

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13
Q

What type of dye is haemotoxylin?

A

Basic

Stains purple/blue

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14
Q

WHat type of dye is Eosin?

A

Acidic

Red/pink

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15
Q

Why may there be white areas on histology stain?

A

Connective tissue that has been dehydrated while creating slides

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16
Q

Nuclei in skeletal muscle:

A

Multinucleated

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17
Q

What does skeletal muscle fibre as contain a lot of?

A

Mitochondria

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18
Q

What special structures does skeletal muscle fibres contain?

A

Transverse tubules (T tubules)

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19
Q

What repeating structure does skeletal muscle fibres have?

A

Sacromeres and myofibrils

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20
Q

Intracellular structures in muscle:

A

Sarcolemma

Sarcoplasm

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

What’s sarcolemma equivalent to?

A

Plasma membrane

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22
Q

What’s sarcoplasm equivalent to?

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

What’s sarcoplasmic reticulum equivalent to?

A

Smooth ER

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24
Q

What’s control is skeletal muscle under?

A

Voluntary and reflexive control

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25
Q

What are characteristic features of skeletal muscle fibres in longitudinal section?

A

Elongated, unbranded, cylindrical cells

Many flattened nuclei beneath sarcolemma

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26
Q

What bands make up striations in skeletal muscle fibres?

A

I and A bands

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27
Q

What are I bands?

A

Light colour in stain

Isotropic

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28
Q

What do I bands contain?

A

Actin - light filaments

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29
Q

What are A bands?

A

Dark colour in stain

Anisotropic bands

30
Q

What do A bands contain?

A

Myosin - heavy filaments

31
Q

What bisects I bands?

A

Z lines

32
Q

Where is the nucleus found in skeletalmuscle fibres?

A

Periphery of cell

33
Q

What does sarcoplasm in skeletal muscle contain?

A

Myofibrils and mitochondria

34
Q

How are myofibrils oriented in sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle?

A

Parallel to long axis of cell

35
Q

How are mitochondria oriented in sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle?

A

Rows

Parallel to long axis of cell

36
Q

What are Z bands?

A

Electron-dense

Bisect I bands

37
Q

What do Z lines do?

A

Divide each myofibril into sacromeres (contractile units)

38
Q

What’;s found in the spaces between myofibrils in skeletal muscle?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

39
Q

What are tubules in sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle important for?

A

Conducting electrical signal into centre of muscle fibre

40
Q

Nuclei in cardiac muscle cells:

A

One nuclei in centre of each cell

41
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle:

A

Striated

Gap junctions

Desmosomes

Intercalated discs

42
Q

What mechanism does cardiac muscle use to contract?

A

Sliding filament mechanism

43
Q

Role of desmosomes in cardiac muscle:

A

Mechanical connection between cells

44
Q

Role of gap junctions in cardiac muscle:

A

Electrical connection between cells

45
Q

Role of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle:

A

Mechanical and electrophysiological coupling

46
Q

Why are gap junctions critical in cardiac muscle?

A

To allow heart to be electrically coupled

47
Q

What other cells are found in cardiac muscle?

A

Nodal cells

48
Q

What do nodal cells do?

A

Stimulate action potentials

49
Q

Absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle:

A

250ms

50
Q

What can tetanic contractions cause?

A

Interference of heart’s ability to pump

51
Q

What are gap junctions constructed from?

A

Hexagonal array of protein subunits - connexins

52
Q

What do gap junctions act as in cardiac muscle?

A

Communicating channels - connexon

53
Q

What molecules pass through gap junctions?

A

Small molecules (Ions and glucose size)

54
Q

What do gap junctions link?

A

Adjacent myocytes

55
Q

What pathway do gap junctions provide?

A

Direct electrical and chemical communications

56
Q

How can you measure current through gap junctions?

A

Whole-cell patch clamp

57
Q

What does smooth muscle contain?

A

Actin and myosin filaments

58
Q

What doesn’t smooth muscle have?

A

Z discs

No visible striations

59
Q

How are acting and myosin filaments aligned in smooth muscle?

A

Along long axis of cells

60
Q

How are filaments anchored in smooth muscle?

A

At dense bodies in sarcoplasm

61
Q

What do dense bodies in smooth muscles contain?

A

a-actinin

62
Q

How are contractile arrays anchored in smooth muscle?

A

To sarcolemma by dense plaques

63
Q

What are smooth muscle cells connected by?

A

Focal adhesions (adherens junctions)

64
Q

Shape of smooth muscle cells:

A

Elongated and spindle-shaped

65
Q

What are the ends of smooth muscle cells like?

A

Tapered - occasionally bifurcated (divided into two branches)

66
Q

Smooth muscle cells compared to skeletal muscle cells:

A

Shorter

Only one nucleus - located and central

67
Q

How are individual smooth muscle fibres arranged?

A

Roughly parallel to each other

68
Q

Why are smooth/visceral muscle cells unstriated?

A

Contractile proteins not arranged in myofibrils

69
Q

Type of control in smooth muscle:

A

Involuntary and autonomic innervation

70
Q

What are smooth muscle fibres surrounded by?

A

Network of collagen

71
Q

Mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle cells:

A

Different to skeletal and cardiac

Shorten and broaden

72
Q

What do smooth muscle fibres surround?

A

Blood vessels

GI tract

Bronchial airways

Semester 2 Year 1 (12 decks)

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