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Semester 2 Year 1 > Intro To Metabolism > Flashcards

Intro To Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

How much oxygen is consumed per minute in a resting human?

A

350 ml

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2
Q

How much can a human’s consumption of oxygen be increased per minute during exercise?

A

X5

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3
Q

Why is oxygen required in humans?

A

To oxidise substrates - produces energy for body’s needs

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4
Q

Definition of oxidation:

A

Addition of oxygen

Removal of electrons (and H+ ions)

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5
Q

Definition of reduction:

A

Removal of oxygen

Addition of electrons (and H+ ions)

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6
Q

What two limbs are involved in metabolism?

A

Catabolism and anabolism

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7
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Large molecules built from smaller molecules

Requires energy

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8
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Larger molecules broken down into smaller molecules

Releases energy

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9
Q

What is energy released by catabolism used for?

A

To drive anabolism and other energy-requiring processes

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10
Q

What is change in free energy?

A

When chemical reactions either absorb or release energy

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11
Q

Change in free energy: symbol

A

ΔG

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12
Q

When is there a change in free energy?

A

When a metabolite is converted into another

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13
Q

Reaction to find ΔG:

A

[C][D]
ΔG = ΔG˚ + RT loge ———-
[A][B]

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14
Q

What does ΔG stand for?

A

Free energy change

Reactants at concentration given

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15
Q

What does ΔG˚ stand for?

A

Standard free energy change

All reactants at conc. 1 mol

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16
Q

What does R stand for?

A

Gas constant

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17
Q

What does T stand for?

A

Absolute temperature

298K

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18
Q

What is ΔG at equilibrium?

A

0 as gross amount of A,B,C,D unchanged

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19
Q

When is ΔG˚ measured?

A

When 1 mol of A,B,C,D are added together in standard conditions until equilibrium reached

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20
Q

What happens if A,B,C,D concentrations are different to how they are in equilibrium?

A

ΔG changes inside cell

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21
Q

What happens if ΔG is negative?

A

Spontaneous reaction

Reaction moves left -> right

22
Q

What happens if there is more product in reaction?

A

ΔG˚ is negative as reaction lies to right - more energy released

23
Q

When can a reaction only occur spontaneously?

A

If ΔG is negative

24
Q

What is meant by a spontaneous reaction?

A

No energy input

25
Q

Magnitude of ΔG?

A

Does NOT indicate rate of reaction

26
Q

Why doesn’t magnitude of ΔG indicate RofR?

A

As RofR depends on energy requires for reaction to occur

Free energy of activation

27
Q

What does ΔG* stand for?

A

Free energy of activation

Unrelated to ΔG

28
Q

Difference between ΔG and ΔG*:

A

ΔG = amount of energy in system that can do work

ΔG* = energy needed for system to move from A+B to C+D

29
Q

What will a reaction normally involve the formation of?

A

Intermediate (transitional) state

30
Q

What’s required for formation of intermediate state?

A

Energy

Slow RofR as need to get all reactant molecules up to transition state before products are formed

31
Q

What happens if catalyst is added to reaction?

A

Fast reaction

Reduces transition state of energy

ΔG* much lower

32
Q

Why does a catalyst lower transition state of energy?

A

Provides substrate to allow reactants to come together at lower energy states

33
Q

When can a sequence of coupled reactions take place without energy input?

A

When there is an overall negative change in ΔG between starting materials and final products

34
Q

Coupled sequences: individual reactions with positive free energy change:

A

Can be driven by those with negative free energy change

35
Q

Why is ATP formed?

A

To allow energy-requiring processes to occur

36
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

Energy released during catabolism is stored in a usable form

37
Q

Inorganic phosphate:

A

PO4(3-)

Or

Pi

38
Q

What can Phosphate groups sometimes shown as?

A

-P to make structures look simpler

39
Q

What’s phosphorylation?

A

Adding phosphate group to molecules (converts ADP to ATP)

40
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP:

A

Broken down into ADP and Pi

Releases energy

41
Q

Approx. Amount of energy released in hydrolysis of ATP?

A

-7 to -12 kcal/mol (reaction lies to right)

42
Q

What are ATP, ADP and AMP like under appropriate conditions?

A

Interconvertible

43
Q

What is hydrolysis of ATP used to drive?

A

Energy-requiring processes

44
Q

What else can ATP be formed from?

A

When fuel molecules are oxidised

45
Q

What nucleotides can serve a similar role to ADP and ATP?

A

Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP)

46
Q

How much ATP does a resting human consume in 24hrs?

A

Approx 50kg

47
Q

What is ATP needed for?

A

Body movement

Neuronal activity

Cellular movements

Active transport

Synthesis of large molecules

48
Q

How many stages in ATP generation?

A

3

49
Q

Stage 1 of ATP generation?

A

Fats, polysaccharides and proteins broken down into monomers and absorbed into gut

50
Q

Stage 2 of ATP generation:

A

Monomers processed into AcetylCoA - used in citric-acid cycle

51
Q

Stage 3 of ATP generation:

A

AcetylCoA broken down in stages

Movement of electrons to oxygen - produces ATP

52
Q

What can effect activity of key enzymes?

A

Allosteric changes

Effects of substrate and downstream products

Covalent modification of enzymes (e.g. phosphorylation)

Semester 2 Year 1 (12 decks)

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