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Semester 2 Year 1 > Citric Acid Cycle > Flashcards

Citric Acid Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the citric acid cycle?

A

Breakdown of fuel molecules into carbon dioxide and water

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2
Q

Carbon molecules in cycle:

A

C2 + C4 = C6

C6 -> C5 -> C4

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3
Q

What’s produced in the cycle?

A

2x CO2

1x GTP

3xNADH

1x FADH2

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4
Q

What eventually happens to the FADH2 produced in the cycle?

A

Hydrogen combines with oxygen and forms water

This process is coupled to ATP synthesis

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5
Q

What does FAD stand for?

A

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

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6
Q

What is FAD formed from?

A

Vitamin riboflavin

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7
Q

Deficiency of riboflavin:

A

Lesions of mucous membranes

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8
Q

Where does citric acid cycle take place?

A

Mitochondrial MATRIX

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9
Q

How is pyruvate broken down to form C2?

A

Pyruvate broken down into Acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase

NAD+ is converted to NADH and CO2 is released

Acetyl CoA is broken down into Acyl unit (2 carbon)

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10
Q

What is CoA?

A

Nucleotide

Contains vitamin B5

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11
Q

What must happen first in the cycle in regards to acyl group (C2)?

A

Condensation with oxaloacetate (C4)

Citrate is formed (C6)

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12
Q

What then happens to citrate in cycle?

A

Dehydrogenation

NADH and CO2 formed

C5 formed

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13
Q

What must happen to C5 in cycle?

A

Dehydrogenation

NADH and CO2 formed

CoA is needed to form C4

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14
Q

What then happens to C4?

A
  1. GTP formed and CoA is released
  2. FADH2 is formed
  3. NADH is formed
  4. Oxaloacetate is formed - cycle starts again
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15
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Macromolecular assemblies in inner mitochondrial membrane

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16
Q

What essentially is oxidative phophorylation?

A

H+ and electrons are taken from fuel molecules by NAD+

They are passed down chain of electron-carrying molecules until passed to oxygen

17
Q

Respiratory chain:

A

Electron transport chain

18
Q

How many complexes in Respiratory chain?

A

4 large complexes linked by electron shuttles

19
Q

What feeds electrons into respiratory chain?

A

NADH and FADH2

20
Q

What’s complex 1 in respiratory chain?

A

NADH-Q reductase

21
Q

Where does complex 1 send electrons?

A

To Q which then sends electrons to complex 3

22
Q

What’s complex 2 in respiratory chain?

A

FADH2 in flavoproteins

23
Q

Where do electrons from FADH2 go to?

A

To Q which then sends electrons to complex 3

24
Q

What’s complex 3?

A

Cytochrome reductase

25
Q

Where do electrons from complex 3 go to?

A

To Cyt C and then passed onto complex 4

26
Q

What’s complex 4?

A

Cytochrome oxidase

27
Q

Where do electrons on complex 4 go to?

A

Combine with oxygen

28
Q

What does Q stand for?

A

Ubiquinone

29
Q

Respiratory chain order:

A

NADH —> NADH-Q reductase —> Q —> Cytochrome reductase
FADH2 —>

Cytochrome Cytochrome
Reductase —> Cyt c —> oxidase ——-> O2

30
Q

Inhibitors of respiratory chain:

A

Rotenone - insecticide

Antimycin A - Antibiotic

Carbon monoxide and cyanide

31
Q

What’s important about electrons being passed from one complex to another in the chain?

A

Energy is released and used more efficiently

32
Q

What does the respiratory chain generate?

A

H+ ion (pH) gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane due to movement of electrons

33
Q

What’s the electrochemical gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane used for?

A

To drive ATP synthesis by ATP synthase

34
Q

How is ATP synthase different to sodium-potassium ATPase pump?

A

Work in opposite directions

Na/K pump uses ATP to generate ion gradient
ATP synthase uses ion gradient to generate ATP

35
Q

How much ATP does oxidation of NADH produce?

A

2.5

36
Q

How much ATP does oxidation of FADH2 produce?

A

1.5

37
Q

Overall net yield from citric acid cycle:

A

4 ATP
2 NADH - cytoplasm (breakdown of pyruvate)
8 NADH - mitochondria
2 FADH2

Note: cycle happens twice per glucose

38
Q

Overall net yield from glycolysis:

A

2 ATP

2 NADH

39
Q

Overall yield of ATP from breakdown of glucose?

A

32

4 ATP
25 ATP (from 10 NADH x 2.5)
3 ATP (from 2 FADH2 x 1.5)

Semester 2 Year 1 (12 decks)

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