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Semester 2 Year 1 > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of glycolysis:

A

Breakdown of glucose into smaller molecules

Produce ATP

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm of cells

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3
Q

What ring does glucose form?

A

6 member Pyranose ring

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4
Q

What ring does fructose form?

A

5 members furanose ring

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5
Q

Structure of amino acid:

A

Amino group and carboxyl group

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6
Q

What happens when two amino acids Bon?

A

Peptide bond formed between amino group on one and carboxyl group on the other

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7
Q

What is an amino acid called with a carbonyl group?

A

Keto acids

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8
Q

What are keto acids common in?

A

Metabolism - important for transamination

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9
Q

What essentially is converted in glycolysis?

A

Glucose converted to pyruvate

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10
Q

What is glucose first converted to?

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate

Phosphorylation

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11
Q

What happens in first phophorylation of glucose?

A

ATP consumed

Hexokinase traps glucose in cell because glucose-6-P is ionised

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12
Q

Significance of glucose-6-P being ionised:

A

Unable to cross cell membrane

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13
Q

What happens after phosphorylation go glucose into glucose-6-P?

A

Isomerisation of Glucose-6-P into fructose-6-P

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14
Q

What happens in isomerisation of glucose—P into fructose-6-P?

A

Pyranose ring -> fruranose ring

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15
Q

What is fructose-6-P then converted into?

A

Fructose 1,6 -biphosphate

Phosphorylation

Costumes ATP

Enzyme phosphofructokinase

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16
Q

What is fructose-1,6 -biphosphate further split into?

A

2x glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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17
Q

Process of forming 2x glyceraldehyde-3-P:

A

Cleavage and isomerization

Forms dihydroxyacetone which is then converted into 1x glyceraldehyde-3-P

18
Q

What happens to glyceraldehyde-3-P?

A

Simultaneously oxidised and phosphorylated by oxidative phosphorylation

Forms 1,3 - Biphosphoglycerate

19
Q

What happens in oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde 3-P?

A

H+ and 2e- passed to NAD+ to form NADH

Phosphate is also added to each glyceraldehyde 3-P

20
Q

What is NAD+?

A

Co-factor

Collects hydrogen and electrons

21
Q

What’s NAD+ made of?

A

Nicotinamide

Ribose

Adenosine

22
Q

What’s the reactive site of NAD+?

A

Nicorinamide = head group

23
Q

What does NAD+ stand for?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

24
Q

What provides nicotinamide part of NAD+?

A

Vitamin B3

25
Q

Lack of niacin:

A

Pellagra - sensitivity to sunlight

26
Q

NAD+ into NADH:

A

NAD+ + H+ + 2e- ——> NADH

27
Q

What then happens to 2x 1,3-Biphophoglycerate?

A

Phosphate transferred to ADP to produce ATP (2xATP per 1 molecule glucose)

3-phosphogylerate is produced

28
Q

What then happens to 3-Phosphoglycerate?

A

Molecular rearrangement of phosphate group - isomerisation

2-Phosphoglycerate formed

29
Q

What then happens to 2-phosphoglycerate?

A

Dehydration

Water produced

Forms phosphoenol pyruvate

30
Q

What then happens to 2x phosphoenol pyruvate?

A

Phosphate is transferred to ADP to produce ATP (2xATP produced per 1 molecule glucose)

2x Pyruvate formed

Enzyme pyruvate kinase

31
Q

Net ATP produced in glycolysis:

A

2

32
Q

How is NAD+ regenerated under aerobic conditions?

A

NADH passes electrons and H+ (from glyceraldehyde-3-P) through electron transfer chain system

Electrons and H+ combine with oxygen to produce water

33
Q

What else does electron transfer chain generate?

A

ATP

34
Q

What happens in absence of oxygen (anaerobic)?

A

NADH builds up as NAD+ can’t be regenerated

Could stop glycolysis continuing

35
Q

Anaerobic conditions: what must be done to regenerate NAD+?

A

NADH re-oxidised

Pyruvate is reduced lactate

36
Q

How is pyruvate reduced to lactate?

A

Pyruvate + NADH + H+ ———> Lactate + NAD+

37
Q

What enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

38
Q

How does yeast overcome problem of anaerobic conditions?

A

Converts pyruvate to ethanol

39
Q

Important enzymes in glycolysis:

A

Hexokinase

Phosphofructokinase

Pyruvate kinase

40
Q

What inhibits phosphofructokinase?

A

High ATP concentration

Low pH

High citric acid concentration

41
Q

What stimulates phosphofructokinase?

A

High fructose-6-P concentration

Semester 2 Year 1 (12 decks)

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