Intro To Limbs

Question 1

Why are bones of lower limbs involved more in locomotion than bones and joints of upper limb?

Answer 1

More robust

Question 2

In what week do limbs start developing?

Answer 2

Week 4

Question 3

How do limbs start to develop?

Answer 3

Specialised cells migrate from somites and lateral plate mesoderm

Question 4

What forms to allow arms and legs to develop?

Answer 4

Limb buds

Question 5

What is the origin of a muscle?

Answer 5

Usually proximal end of muscle

Question 6

What happens to origin of muscle during muscular contraction?

Answer 6

Remains fixed and stable

Question 7

Where is the insertion of a muscle?

Answer 7

Distal end

Question 8

What happens to insertion of muscle during muscular contraction?

Answer 8

Moves

Question 9

What happens when a muscle is stimulated?

Answer 9

Contracts and shortens (brings two ends of origin and insertion closer)

Question 10

In which direction do muscles usually shorten?

Answer 10

Insertion -> Origin

However can shorten in both directions under different situations

Question 11

What are the two types of muscle contraction?

Answer 11

Isomeric contraction

Isotonic contraction

Question 12

What’s Isometric contraction?

Answer 12

Muscle tone changes not meter

No movement - doesn’t move a load

Question 13

What’s isotonic contraction?

Answer 13

Muscle length/meter changes not tone

2 types - concentric and eccentric

Movement - moving a load

Question 14

What happens in concentric contraction?

Answer 14

Muscle shortens

Question 15

What happens in eccentric contraction?

Answer 15

Muscle elongates while under tension

Question 16

What causes muscles to elongate in eccentric contraction?

Answer 16

Due to opposing force greater than the force the muscle generates

Question 17

How does eccentric contraction act to protect from injury?

Answer 17

Braking force in opposition to concentric contraction

Question 18

What’s the prime mover?

Answer 18

Muscle with primary role moving a body part

Question 19

What’s agonist?

Answer 19

Direct action of muscle to produce desired movement

Question 20

WHat’s synergistic muscles?

Answer 20

Muscles which prevent unwanted movements related with prime movers

Question 21

What are antagonist muscles?

Answer 21

Muscles which directly oppose a movement

Question 22

What are fixating muscles?

Answer 22

Muscles that provide support to rest of body while movement occurs

Question 23

Where is superficial fsascia found?

Answer 23

Membrane immediately beneath skin

Question 24

How many layers in superficial fascia?

Answer 24

2 - attached to each other or separated

Question 25

Example of 2 superficial fascia layers separated:

Answer 25

Breast tissue between two layers

Question 26

What does superficial fascia contain?

Answer 26

Adipose tissue

Question 27

Where is deep (investing) fascia found?

Answer 27

Surrounding structures Ensheathes muscles

Question 28

Important properties of deep fascia:

Answer 28

Continuous Facilitate contraction

Question 29

Deep fascia and muscles:

Answer 29

Barrier between muscles Compartments of muscles

Question 30

What does deep fascia form while forming compartments?

Answer 30

Passages for nerves and vessels

Question 31

How does deep fascia allow attachment for muscles?

Answer 31

By forming interosseous membranes

Question 32

How does deep fascia hold tendons in place?

Answer 32

By forming Retinaculae

Question 33

How does deep fascia form compartments of muscles?

Answer 33

Sends septae between muscles

Question 34

Why do septae also form potential spaces in compartments?

Answer 34

Passage of nerves and blood vessels

Question 35

What are potential spaces formed by septae potential tracks for?

Answer 35

Infection spread and blood loss

Question 36

What’s compartment syndrome?

Answer 36

Injury to muscle within tough compartment Swelling Compression of neuro vascular bundles caused by increased pressure

Question 37

Main bone in arm:

Answer 37

Humerus

Question 38

What does deep fascia in arm divide muscles into?

Answer 38

Sends intermuscular septae to divide muscles into two compartments

Question 39

What main bones are in the forearm?

Answer 39

Radius and Ulnar

Question 40

What membrane is between radius and ulna in forearm?

Answer 40

Interosseous membrane

Question 41

What forms interosseous membrane in forearm?

Answer 41

Antebrachial fascia

Question 42

What compartments does the interosseous membrane divide forearm into?

Answer 42

2 compartments Anterior - flexor muscles Posterior - extensor muscles

Question 43

What is in wrist?

Answer 43

Carpal tunnel

Question 44

What’s in carpal tunnel?

Answer 44

White spaces are tendons Has deep fascia lid

Question 45

What is deep fascia like in thigh?

Answer 45

Thicker Called fascia lata

Question 46

Why is deep fascia in thigh thicker?

Answer 46

Needs muscles to compress veins

Question 47

How does the fascia lata thicken in thigh?

Answer 47

Thickens laterally as the Illotibial tract

Question 48

What compartments does the septae from Illotibial tract divide the thigh into?

Answer 48

3 compartments Anterior - extensor muscles Medial - adductor muscles Posterior - flexor muscles

Question 49

What does fascia lata become when it continues into leg?

Answer 49

Crural fascia - leg fascia

Question 50

What does the crural fascia form?

Answer 50

Fuses with tibia Forms interosseous membrane

Question 51

What compartments does septae from interosseous membrane divide the leg into?

Answer 51

Anterior - extensor muscles 2 posterior - superficial and deep flexor muscles Lateral - - perineal muscles

Question 52

How many compartments in leg?

Answer 52

3 functionally 4 in structure as septae divides posterior compartment into 2

Question 53

What is a dermatome?

Answer 53

Strip of skin supplied by 1 spinal nerve

Question 54

What is a myotome?

Answer 54

Skeletal muscle (s) supplied by 1 spinal nerve

Question 55

What does rotation of limbs effect?

Answer 55

Dermatomes

Question 56

In development, what are the thumb and hallux initially positioned like?

Answer 56

On cranial side of each limb Palm and sole face anteriorly

Question 57

How does upper limb rotate from its in-utero position?

Answer 57

Rotates laterally Thumb moves from medial to lateral

Question 58

What happens to flexor and extensor muscles in rotation of upper limb?

Answer 58

Flexor - move to anterior Extensor - move to posterior

Question 59

How does lower limb rotate from its in-utero position?

Answer 59

Rotates medially Hallux moves from lateral to medial

Question 60

What happens to flexor and extensor muscles in rotation of lower limb?

Answer 60

Flexor - move to posterior Extensor - move to anterior

Question 61

What also happens in rotation of limbs?

Answer 61

Dermatomes rotate too

Question 62

Where do spinal nerves emerge from?

Answer 62

Intervertebral foramina

Question 63

Where are C1 to C7 spinal nerves found?

Answer 63

Above respective vertebrae

Question 64

Where is C8 spinal nerve found?

Answer 64

Below C7 vertebra

Question 65

Where is T1 and all other spinal nerves found?

Answer 65

Below respective vertebrae

Question 66

What does ventral ramus go on to form?

Answer 66

Plexuses

Question 67

What’s involved with neural innervation in upper limb?

Answer 67

Brachial plexus, in axilla

Question 68

What’s brachial plexus derived from?

Answer 68

C5 - C8 and T1 spinal nerves

Question 69

What’s involved with neural innervation in the lower limb?

Answer 69

Lumbosacral-sacral plexus

Question 70

Where is lumbo-sacral plexus found?

Answer 70

Within psoas major on posterior abdominal wall On lateral wall of pelvis

Question 71

What’s lumbo-sacral plexus derived from?

Answer 71

Ventral rami of L1 - L5 and S1 - S4 spinal nerves

Question 72

Main source of arterial supply in upper limbs?

Answer 72

Subclavian arteries

Question 73

Main source of arterial supply in lower limbs?

Answer 73

External iliac arteries

Question 74

What’s involved with venous drainage of limbs?

Answer 74

Superficial veins in superficial fascia Have connections with deep veins

Question 75

What are the main superficial veins in upper limb for venous drainage?

Answer 75

Cephalic and basilic

Question 76

What do deep veins in upper limb accompany?

Answer 76

Arteries

Question 77

What are the main superficial veins in lower limb for venous drainage?

Answer 77

Great (long) and small (short) Saphenous veins

Question 78

How are connections of superficial veins with deeep veins different in lower limbs than upper limbs?

Answer 78

More significant in lower limb

Question 79

Direction of venous flow in lower limb:

Answer 79

From superficial to deep Via perforator (veins)

Question 80

What helps venous return to heart in lower limbs?

Answer 80

Muscle pump Arterial pulsation Negative intrathoracic pressure Valves in veins

Question 81

Lymph vessels in limbs:

Answer 81

Follow superficial or deep veins

Question 82

What lymph nodes do lymph vessels drain to?

Answer 82

Axillary (upper limb) and Inguinal (lower limb)