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Semester 2 Year 1 > Intro To Limbs > Flashcards

Intro To Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

Why are bones of lower limbs involved more in locomotion than bones and joints of upper limb?

A

More robust

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2
Q

In what week do limbs start developing?

A

Week 4

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3
Q

How do limbs start to develop?

A

Specialised cells migrate from somites and lateral plate mesoderm

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4
Q

What forms to allow arms and legs to develop?

A

Limb buds

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5
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

Usually proximal end of muscle

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6
Q

What happens to origin of muscle during muscular contraction?

A

Remains fixed and stable

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7
Q

Where is the insertion of a muscle?

A

Distal end

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8
Q

What happens to insertion of muscle during muscular contraction?

A

Moves

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9
Q

What happens when a muscle is stimulated?

A

Contracts and shortens (brings two ends of origin and insertion closer)

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10
Q

In which direction do muscles usually shorten?

A

Insertion -> Origin

However can shorten in both directions under different situations

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11
Q

What are the two types of muscle contraction?

A

Isomeric contraction

Isotonic contraction

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12
Q

What’s Isometric contraction?

A

Muscle tone changes not meter

No movement - doesn’t move a load

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13
Q

What’s isotonic contraction?

A

Muscle length/meter changes not tone

2 types - concentric and eccentric

Movement - moving a load

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14
Q

What happens in concentric contraction?

A

Muscle shortens

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15
Q

What happens in eccentric contraction?

A

Muscle elongates while under tension

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16
Q

What causes muscles to elongate in eccentric contraction?

A

Due to opposing force greater than the force the muscle generates

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17
Q

How does eccentric contraction act to protect from injury?

A

Braking force in opposition to concentric contraction

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18
Q

What’s the prime mover?

A

Muscle with primary role moving a body part

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19
Q

What’s agonist?

A

Direct action of muscle to produce desired movement

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20
Q

WHat’s synergistic muscles?

A

Muscles which prevent unwanted movements related with prime movers

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21
Q

What are antagonist muscles?

A

Muscles which directly oppose a movement

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22
Q

What are fixating muscles?

A

Muscles that provide support to rest of body while movement occurs

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23
Q

Where is superficial fsascia found?

A

Membrane immediately beneath skin

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24
Q

How many layers in superficial fascia?

A

2 - attached to each other or separated

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25
Q

Example of 2 superficial fascia layers separated:

A

Breast tissue between two layers

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26
Q

What does superficial fascia contain?

A

Adipose tissue

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27
Q

Where is deep (investing) fascia found?

A

Surrounding structures

Ensheathes muscles

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28
Q

Important properties of deep fascia:

A

Continuous

Facilitate contraction

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29
Q

Deep fascia and muscles:

A

Barrier between muscles

Compartments of muscles

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30
Q

What does deep fascia form while forming compartments?

A

Passages for nerves and vessels

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31
Q

How does deep fascia allow attachment for muscles?

A

By forming interosseous membranes

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32
Q

How does deep fascia hold tendons in place?

A

By forming Retinaculae

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33
Q

How does deep fascia form compartments of muscles?

A

Sends septae between muscles

34
Q

Why do septae also form potential spaces in compartments?

A

Passage of nerves and blood vessels

35
Q

What are potential spaces formed by septae potential tracks for?

A

Infection spread and blood loss

36
Q

What’s compartment syndrome?

A

Injury to muscle within tough compartment

Swelling

Compression of neuro vascular bundles caused by increased pressure

37
Q

Main bone in arm:

A

Humerus

38
Q

What does deep fascia in arm divide muscles into?

A

Sends intermuscular septae to divide muscles into two compartments

39
Q

What main bones are in the forearm?

A

Radius and Ulnar

40
Q

What membrane is between radius and ulna in forearm?

A

Interosseous membrane

41
Q

What forms interosseous membrane in forearm?

A

Antebrachial fascia

42
Q

What compartments does the interosseous membrane divide forearm into?

A

2 compartments

Anterior - flexor muscles

Posterior - extensor muscles

43
Q

What is in wrist?

A

Carpal tunnel

44
Q

What’s in carpal tunnel?

A

White spaces are tendons

Has deep fascia lid

45
Q

What is deep fascia like in thigh?

A

Thicker

Called fascia lata

46
Q

Why is deep fascia in thigh thicker?

A

Needs muscles to compress veins

47
Q

How does the fascia lata thicken in thigh?

A

Thickens laterally as the Illotibial tract

48
Q

What compartments does the septae from Illotibial tract divide the thigh into?

A

3 compartments

Anterior - extensor muscles

Medial - adductor muscles

Posterior - flexor muscles

49
Q

What does fascia lata become when it continues into leg?

A

Crural fascia - leg fascia

50
Q

What does the crural fascia form?

A

Fuses with tibia

Forms interosseous membrane

51
Q

What compartments does septae from interosseous membrane divide the leg into?

A

Anterior - extensor muscles

2 posterior - superficial and deep flexor muscles

Lateral - - perineal muscles

52
Q

How many compartments in leg?

A

3 functionally

4 in structure as septae divides posterior compartment into 2

53
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Strip of skin supplied by 1 spinal nerve

54
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Skeletal muscle (s) supplied by 1 spinal nerve

55
Q

What does rotation of limbs effect?

A

Dermatomes

56
Q

In development, what are the thumb and hallux initially positioned like?

A

On cranial side of each limb

Palm and sole face anteriorly

57
Q

How does upper limb rotate from its in-utero position?

A

Rotates laterally

Thumb moves from medial to lateral

58
Q

What happens to flexor and extensor muscles in rotation of upper limb?

A

Flexor - move to anterior

Extensor - move to posterior

59
Q

How does lower limb rotate from its in-utero position?

A

Rotates medially

Hallux moves from lateral to medial

60
Q

What happens to flexor and extensor muscles in rotation of lower limb?

A

Flexor - move to posterior

Extensor - move to anterior

61
Q

What also happens in rotation of limbs?

A

Dermatomes rotate too

62
Q

Where do spinal nerves emerge from?

A

Intervertebral foramina

63
Q

Where are C1 to C7 spinal nerves found?

A

Above respective vertebrae

64
Q

Where is C8 spinal nerve found?

A

Below C7 vertebra

65
Q

Where is T1 and all other spinal nerves found?

A

Below respective vertebrae

66
Q

What does ventral ramus go on to form?

A

Plexuses

67
Q

What’s involved with neural innervation in upper limb?

A

Brachial plexus, in axilla

68
Q

What’s brachial plexus derived from?

A

C5 - C8 and T1 spinal nerves

69
Q

What’s involved with neural innervation in the lower limb?

A

Lumbosacral-sacral plexus

70
Q

Where is lumbo-sacral plexus found?

A

Within psoas major on posterior abdominal wall

On lateral wall of pelvis

71
Q

What’s lumbo-sacral plexus derived from?

A

Ventral rami of L1 - L5 and S1 - S4 spinal nerves

72
Q

Main source of arterial supply in upper limbs?

A

Subclavian arteries

73
Q

Main source of arterial supply in lower limbs?

A

External iliac arteries

74
Q

What’s involved with venous drainage of limbs?

A

Superficial veins in superficial fascia

Have connections with deep veins

75
Q

What are the main superficial veins in upper limb for venous drainage?

A

Cephalic and basilic

76
Q

What do deep veins in upper limb accompany?

A

Arteries

77
Q

What are the main superficial veins in lower limb for venous drainage?

A

Great (long) and small (short) Saphenous veins

78
Q

How are connections of superficial veins with deeep veins different in lower limbs than upper limbs?

A

More significant in lower limb

79
Q

Direction of venous flow in lower limb:

A

From superficial to deep

Via perforator (veins)

80
Q

What helps venous return to heart in lower limbs?

A

Muscle pump

Arterial pulsation

Negative intrathoracic pressure

Valves in veins

81
Q

Lymph vessels in limbs:

A

Follow superficial or deep veins

82
Q

What lymph nodes do lymph vessels drain to?

A

Axillary (upper limb) and Inguinal (lower limb)

Semester 2 Year 1 (12 decks)

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