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Biology > Structure of DNA (Chapter 14) > Flashcards

Structure of DNA (Chapter 14) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Scientific name of green algae

A

Acetabularia

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2
Q

The hammerling experiment discovered _____.

A

hereditary information is stored in the cell’s nucleus

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3
Q

Hammerling’s reciprocal graft experiment discovered _____.

A

the nucleus in the base of the mushroom determines the type of cap regenerated

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4
Q

The griffith experiment documented _____.

A

movement of genes from one organism to another (transformation).

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5
Q

The griffith experiment discovered _____.

A

movement of material can alter the genetic makeup of the recipient cell

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6
Q

Griffith’s discovery of transformation used _____ and mice.

A

S. pneuomoniae

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7
Q

The avery experiment discovered _____ and _____.

A

removal of almost all lipid and protein from bacteria didn’t reduce transforming activity

DNase destroys all transforming activity

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8
Q

The hershey-chase experiment discovered _____ by _____.

A

hereditary information was DNA, not protein

labeling DNA and protein with radioactive isotope tracer

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9
Q

_____ is the transforming agent allowing rough bacteria to make a smooth coat an allow infection.

A

DNA

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10
Q

A virus has a _____ “head” and a _____ core.

A

protein

DNA

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11
Q

Infection occus when a virus injects _____ into _____.

A

DNA

a bacterial cell

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12
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects bacteria

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13
Q

DNA is a ____.

A

nucleic acid

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14
Q

DNA is composed of _____.

A

nucleotides

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15
Q

Deoxyribose is a _____.

A

five-carbon sugar

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16
Q

The nitrogenous base of DNA can be _____ (A), _____ (T), _____ (C), and _____ (G).

A

adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine

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17
Q

DNA is composed of a _____, _____, _____, and a _____.

A

5-carbon sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous base
free hydroxyl group

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18
Q

Purine nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA are _____ (A) and _____ (G).

A

adenine

guanine

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19
Q

Pyrimidine nitrogenous bases are _____ (C), _____ (T), and _____ (U).

A

Cytosine (DNA+RNA)
Thymine (DNA)
Uracil (RNA)

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20
Q

The chain of nucleotides has a ‘-to-’ orientation.

A

5

3

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21
Q

The bond formed between adjacent nucleotides is a ______ bond.

A

phosphodiester

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22
Q

Erwin Chargaff determined that _____, _____, and _____.

Chargaff’s Rules

A

amount of adenine = thymine

amount of cytosine = guanine

proportion of purines and pyrimidines are equal

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23
Q

Rosalind Franklin performed X-ray diffraction studies to discover _____.

A

the 3D helical structure of DNA

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24
Q

DNA has a diameter of _ nm and makes a complete turn of the helix every _ nm.

A

2

3.4

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25
Q

_____ and _____ deduced the structure of DNA.

A

James Watson

Francis Crick

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26
Q

_____ (A) forms _____ bonds with _____(T).

A

Adenine
2 hyrdrogen
thymine

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27
Q

_____ (G) forms _____ bonds with _____ (C).

A

Guanine
3 hydrogen
cytosine

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28
Q

Hydrogen bonds between DNA bases break to allow _____.

A

strand separation

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29
Q

Each DNA strand is a _____ for the synthesis of a new strand.

A

template

30
Q

Template strands determine the sequence of bases in the _____.

A

daughter strand

complementary base pairing rules

31
Q

Conservative (____)

organization of DNA strands

A

rejected

old/old + new/new

32
Q

Semiconservative (_____)

organization of DNA strands

A

supported

old/new + old/new

33
Q

Dispersive (_____)

organization of DNA strands

A

rejected

mixed old and new on each strand

34
Q

To test the potential mechanisms for organization of DNA strands, E. coli grew in media with _____ and then in media with _____.

A

heavy nitrogen

lighter nitrogen

35
Q

Replication of DNA is _____.

A

semiconservative

36
Q

The junction of the unwound molecules of DNA is a _____.

A

replication fork

37
Q

A new strand is formed by pairing complementary bases with the _____.

A

old strand

38
Q

DNA replication produces _ molecules of DNA.

A

2

39
Q

DNA replication produces strands, each containing one _____ and _____ strand.

A

old

new

40
Q

_____ are the mechanism for DNA replication.

A

Enzymes

41
Q

The building blocks to make a copy of DNA are _____.

A

nucleotide triphosphates

42
Q

DNA replication consists of three stages:

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

43
Q

Initiation always occurs at _____.

A

the same site

44
Q

The majority of replication is spent in the _____ phase.

A

elongation

45
Q

_____ cannot link the first nucleotides in a newly synthesized strand of DNA.

A

DNA polymerase

46
Q

_____ constructs an RNA primer.

A

RNA polymerase

47
Q

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the _’ end of DNA.

A

3

48
Q

The leading strand replicates _____ the replication fork.

A

toward

49
Q

The lagging strand elongates _____ the replication fork.

A

from the

50
Q

One strand of the newly made DNA is synthesized continuously. This is the _____ strand.

A

leading

51
Q

The _____ strand is made in small precursor fragments, known as _____ .

A

lagging strand

Okazaki fragments

52
Q

Okazaki fragments are _____ base pairs in length.

A

100-200

53
Q

DNA polymerase matches existing DNA bases with _____ and links them.

A

complementary nucleotides

54
Q

DNA polymerase synthesizes in a ‘-to-’ direction.

A

5

3

55
Q

DNA polymerase requires _____.

A

a primer of RNA

56
Q

Replicon

A

DNA controlled by an origin

57
Q

E. coli has _ DNA polymerases.

A

3

58
Q

DNA polymerase I

pol I

A

Acts on lagging strand to remove primers and replace them with DNA.

59
Q

DNA polymerase II

pol II

A

Involved in DNA repair processes

60
Q

DNA polymerase III

pol III

A

Main replication enzyme

61
Q

Prokaryotic DNA polymerases have ‘-to-’ exonuclease activity.
(proofreading)

A

3

5

62
Q

DNA polymerase I (pol I) has ‘-to-’ exonuclease activity.

A

5

3

63
Q

Unwinding DNA causes _____.

A

torsional strain

64
Q

Helicases

A

use energy from ATP to unwind DNA

65
Q

Single-strand-binding proteins (SSBs) coat strands to _____.

A

keep them apart

66
Q

_____ prevents supercoiling.

A

Topoisomerase

67
Q

_____ is used in prokaryotic DNA replication to prevent supercoiling.

A

DNA gyrase

68
Q

Eukaryotes usually have _____ origins of replication.

A

multiple

69
Q

DNA polymerase can synthesize in _ direction(s).

A

1

70
Q

The leading strand is synthesized continuously from _____.

A

an initial primer

71
Q

The lagging strand is synthesized _____ with multiple _____.

A

discontinuously

priming events

72
Q

A _____ forms a “sliding clamp” to keep it attached to the leading strand.

A

beta-subunit

Biology (5 decks)

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