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Biology > Cell Communication (Chapter 9) > Flashcards

Cell Communication (Chapter 9) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ligand

A

The signaling molecule

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2
Q

Receptor Protein

A

The molecule to which the receptor binds.

- May be on the plasma membrane or within the cell.

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3
Q

Receptor proteins have a _____ shape that fits a specific _____.

A

three-dimensional

signal molecule

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4
Q

When a signal molecule and receptor protein bind, a change in the _____ is induced and a _____ in the cell is generated.

A

receptor protein

response

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5
Q

A(n) _____ arises from a ligand binding to a receptor.

A

conformational change

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6
Q

The _____ can directly or indirectly interact with a whole host of other _____ within the cell.

A

receptor-ligand complex

signaling molecules

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7
Q

Cell signals can be induced through _____, _____, _____ (_____), and _____ (_____).

A 
Direct contact
Paracrine signaling
Endocrine signaling
-(hormones)
Synaptic signaling
-(neurotransmitters)
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8
Q

Cell Communication Through Direct Contact

A

Molecules on the surface of one cell are recognized by receptors on the adjacent cell.

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9
Q

Cell Communication Through Paracrine Signaling

A

A signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells.

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10
Q

Cell Communication Through Endocrine Signaling

A

Hormones released from a cell affect other cells throughout the body.

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11
Q

Cell Communication Through Synaptic Signaling

A

Nerve cells release the signal (neurotransmitter) which binds to receptors on nearby cells.

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12
Q

Signal Transduction

A

Occurs when a ligand binds to a receptor protein, creating a response.

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13
Q

During signal transduction, different _____ can respond differently to the same signal.

A

cell types

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14
Q

A cell’s response to a signal often involves _____ or _____ proteins.

A

activating

inactivating

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15
Q

_____ is a common way to change the activity of a protein.

A

Phosphorylation

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16
Q

Protein Kinase

A

An enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein.

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17
Q

Phostatase

A

An enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein.

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18
Q

Two different classes of protein kinases:

A

Serine/Throenine

Tyrosine

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19
Q

Receptors can be defined by their _____.

A

location

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20
Q

Intracellular Receptor

A

Located within the cell.

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21
Q

Cell Surface Receptor

Membrane Receptor

A

Located on the plasma membrane to bind a ligand outside the cell.

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22
Q

Three subclasses of membrane receptors:

A

Channel linked receptors
Enzymatic receptors
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)

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23
Q 
Channel Linked Receptors
(Membrane Subclass Receptor)
A

Ion channel that opens in response to a ligand.

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24
Q 
Enzymatic Receptors
(Membrane Subclass Receptor)
A

Receptor is an enzyme that is activated by the ligand.

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25
Q 
G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
(Membrane Subclass Receptor)
A

A G-protein (bound to GTP) assists in transmitting the signal.
G-protein activates an effector protein (usually an enzyme).

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26
Q

Ras G protein is _____, binds to _____ in its active form and _____ in its inactive form.

A

monomeric
GTP
GDP

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27
Q

Trimeric G protein has three subunits: _____, _____, and _____. It binds to _____ in its active form and _____ in its inactive form.

A 
alpha
beta
gamma
GTP
GDP
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28
Q

Effector Protein

A

The enzyme (usually) activated by G-protein in GPCRs.

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29
Q

Once activated, a effector protein produces a _____ which generates the _____ to the original signal.

A

second messenger

cellular response

30
Q

One common effector protein is _____ which produces _____ as a second messenger.

A

adenylyl cyclase

cAMP

31
Q

cAMP binds to _____ and activates it.

A

Protein Kinase A

32
Q

Another common effector protein is _____.

A

Phospholipase C

33
Q

_____ is acted on by effector protein Phospholipase C.

A

PIP(sub2)

34
Q

Phospholipase C produces _____ plus _____.

A

IP(sub3)
-Inositol Tris Posphate
DAG
-Diacyl Glycerol

35
Q

PIP(sub2) and IP(sub3) act as _____.

A

second messengers

36
Q

cAMP Signaling Pathway

A
  1. Ligand binds to GPCR
  2. GDP phosphorylated to GTP by protein kinase
  3. GTP binds to Adenylyl Cyclase, producing cAMP.
  4. cAMP binds to and activates Protein Kinase A (PKA), producing a response protein.
37
Q

Ca2+ serves widely as a _____.

A

second messenger

38
Q

_____ levels of Ca2+ are normally low.

A

Intracellular

39
Q

_____ levels of Ca2_ are normally high.

A

Extracellular

40
Q

The _____ has receptor proteins that act as ion channels to release Ca2+. These receptor proteins bind most commonly to IP(sub3).

A

endoplasmic reticulum

41
Q

Most signaling molecules exist in such _____ concentration, diffusion across the cytoplasm requires _____.

A

low

amplification

42
Q

A single cell surface receptor can stimulate a _____ to amplify the signal.

A

cascade of protein kinases

43
Q

Different receptors can produce _____ second messengers.

A

the same

44
Q

The hormones _____ and _____ can both stimulate liver cells to mobilize glucose.

A

glucagon

epinephrine

45
Q

Single signaling molecules can have _____ effects in different cells.

A

different

46
Q

Multiple forms of the same receptor are called _____ or _____.

A

subtypes

isoforms

47
Q

The receptor for epinephrine has _____ isoforms, each encoded by different _____.

A

nine

genes

48
Q

Different isoforms activate different _____, leading to different _____.

A

G proteins

signal transduction pathways

49
Q

A steroid hormone receptor has three functional domains: _____, _____, and _____.

A

hormone-binding domain

DNA binding domain

domain that interacts with co-activators to affect gene expression

50
Q

Intracellular receptors can act as _____ and _____.

A

gene regulators

enzymes

51
Q

The target cell’s response to a _____ can vary enormously.

A

lipid-soluble cell signal

52
Q

Estrogen has different effects in _____ tissue than _____ tissue.

A

uterine

mammary

53
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases are _____ receptors.

A

membrane

54
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases, when bound by a ligand, are activated by _____ and then _____.

A

dimerization

autophosphorylation

55
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases, when activated, add a _____ to a _____.

A

phosphate

response protein

56
Q

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases stimulate _____.

A

cell division.

57
Q

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are activated by a _____.

A

kinase cascade

phosphorylate each other in succession

58
Q

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases _____ the signal.

A

amplify

59
Q

Ras proteins are small _____.

A

GTP-binding proteins

60
Q

Ras proteins link the _____ and the _____.

A

RTK

MAP kinase cascade

61
Q

Ras proteins are _____ in many human tumors.

A

mutated.

62
Q

Ras proteins are indicated to play a centrol role in linking _____ to their cellular response.

A

growth factor receptors

63
Q

Ras can _____.

A

regulate itself.

64
Q

Scaffold proteins are thought to organize the components of a _____ into a single _____.

A

kinase cascade

protein complex

65
Q

Scaffold proteins bind to each individual _____ such that they are spatially organized for optimal function.

A

kinase

66
Q

Scaffold proteins benefit in _____.

A

efficiency

67
Q

Scaffold proteins are disadvantaged in that they reduce the _____.

A

amplification effect

68
Q

Cells contain an array of _____ on the cell surface.

A

marker proteins

69
Q

Glycolipids

A

Tissue-specific cell surface markers.

70
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

A

Identify self versus non-self cells.

Biology (5 decks)

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