Patterns of Inheritance (Chapter 12)

Question 1

Father of modern genetics

Answer 1

Gregor Mendel

Question 2

Gregor Mendel’s hypothesis of transmission of traits are now considered _____.

Answer 2

laws of inheritance

Question 3

Mendel’s genetic hypothesis

Answer 3

Each parent contributes to its progeny distinct elements of heredity (factors/genes).
Factors remain unchanged as they pass through generations.

Question 4

Mendel’s experiments used the organism _____.

Answer 4

garden pea

Pisum sativum

Question 5

True-breeding varieties

Answer 5

Self-fertilized plants produce only progeny like themselves

Question 6

Cross-pollination / cross-fertilization

Answer 6

Pollen transferred from varieties exhibiting alternative character forms

Question 7

The observed trait is called _____.

Answer 7

dominant

Question 8

The masked trait is called _____.

Answer 8

recessive

Question 9

Mendel’s First Law of Segregation

Answer 9

Each plant possesses two distinct separable units (alleles) for each trait inherited from each parent.

Question 10

Gametes contain _ allele for each trait.

Answer 10

1

Question 11

The unit (allele) does not disappear; it may be present but _____.

Answer 11

hidden

Question 12

Principle of Segregation

Answer 12

Two alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation and are rejoined at random (one from each parent) during fertilization.

Question 13

5 element model (1)

Answer 13

Parents transmit discrete factors (genes)

Question 14

5 element model (2)

Answer 14

Each individual receives one copy of a gene from each parent

Question 15

5 element model (3)

Answer 15

Not all copies of a gene are identical

Question 16

5 element model (4)

Answer 16

Alleles remain discrete – no blending

Question 17

5 element model (5)

Answer 17

Presence of allele does not guarantee expression

Question 18

Homozygous

Answer 18

2 of the same allele

Question 19

Heterozygous

Answer 19

different alleles

Question 20

Genotype

Answer 20

total set of alleles an individual contains

Question 21

Phenotype

Answer 21

physical appearance

Question 22

Most common phenotype in the general population

Answer 22

wildtype phenotype

Question 23

When the phenotype is different from the wildtype, it is called a _____.

Answer 23

mutant phenotype

Question 24

The most frequent allele associated with the common phenotype is the _____.

Answer 24

wildtype allele

Question 25

The allele associated with the mutant phenotype is the _____.

Answer 25

mutant allele

Question 26

Mendel’s Second Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 26

Two genes on different chromosomes segregate their alleles independently.
The inheritance of an allele of one gene does not influence which allele is inherited at a second gene.

Question 27

Principle of independent assortment

Answer 27

Independent alignment of different homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I leads to the independent segregation of the different allele pairs.

Question 28

In a dihybrid cross, parents with _____ are crossed.

Answer 28

two differing traits

Question 29

Mode of Inheritance

Answer 29

Indicates the patterns with which the mutant

phenotype is associated

Question 30

Most common modes of inheritance (3)

Answer 30

Autosomal recessive
Autosomal dominant
X-link recessive

Question 31

_____ is used to track inheritance patterns in families.

Answer 31

Pedigree analysis

Question 32

Human autosomal traits are located on _____.

Answer 32

the non-sex chromosomes (1-22)

Question 33

Heterozygotes exhibit _____.

Answer 33

the affected phenotype

Question 34

Albinism

Answer 34

A condition in which the pigment melanin is not produced.

Question 35

Do autosomal dominant inheritance traits skip generations?

Answer 35

No

Question 36

Mendel’s model of inheritance assumes that (1-3)

Answer 36

Each trait is controlled by a single gene.
Each gene has only 2 alleles.
There is a clear dominant-recessive relationship between the alleles.

Question 37

continuous variation

Answer 37

The greater the number of genes influencing a character, the more continuous the expected distribution of character variation will be.

Question 38

pleiotropic effects

Answer 38

Individual alleles often have more than one effect on the phenotype.

Question 39

Incomplete dominance

Answer 39

Heterozygotes are intermediate in color.

Question 40

Environmental effects

Answer 40

Degree of allele expression may depend on the environment.

Question 41

Epistasis

Answer 41

one gene interferes with the expression of another gene.

Question 42

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 42

The phenotype is an accumulation of contributions by multiple genes.

Question 43

Pleiotropy

Answer 43

Refers to an allele which has more than one effect on the phenotype

Question 44

Incomplete dominance

Answer 44

indicates the heterozygous phenotype is distinct from either homozygous phenotype.

Question 45

Each individual can only have _ alleles.

Answer 45

2

Question 46

Epistasis

Answer 46

When one gene affects the expression of a second gene.

Question 47

the H gene is _____ to the ABO gene.

Answer 47

epistatic

Question 48

All ABO genotypes appear as _____.

Answer 48

type O

Question 49

Codominance

Answer 49

No single allele is dominant, and each allele has its own effect.

Question 50

ABO blood groups

Answer 50

Human gene that encodes enzyme that adds sugar molecules to lipids on the surface of red blood cells

Question 51

I^B adds:

Answer 51

galactose

Question 52

I^A adds:

Answer 52

galactosamine

Question 53

i adds:

Answer 53

no sugar

Question 54

Codominant alleles are observed _____.

Answer 54

simultaneously

Question 55

The ABO gene encodes a _____.

Answer 55

cell surface protein

Question 56

Allele A makes (ABO):

Answer 56

A protein

Question 57

Allele B makes (ABO):

Answer 57

B protein

Question 58

Allele O makes (ABO):

Answer 58

no protein

Question 59

Alleles A and B (ABO) are _____.

Answer 59

codominant

Question 60

Allele O is _____ to both A and B alleles.

Answer 60

recessive

Question 61

Blood type A receives _____ and donates to _____.

Answer 61

A, O

A, AB

Question 62

Blood type B receives _____ and donates to _____.

Answer 62

B, O

B, AB

Question 63

Blood type O receives _____ and donates to _____.

Answer 63

A, B, AB, O

AB

Question 64

Blood type AB receives _____ and donates to _____.

Answer 64

O

A, B, AB, O