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Biology > Cell Division and Cell Cycle (Chapter 10) > Flashcards

Cell Division and Cell Cycle (Chapter 10) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotic cell division occurs as _____ in which cells divide into two halves.

A

binary fission

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2
Q

In prokaryotes, genetic information exists as a _____.

A

nucleoid

single, circular double-stranged DNA molecule

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3
Q

Copying of DNA in prokaryotes begins at _____ and proceeds _____.

A

replication origin

bi-directionally

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4
Q

In prokaryotic cell division, one genome ends up in each _____.

A

daughter cell

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5
Q

FtsZ is a _____ that is essential for cell division in many prokaryotes.

A

bacterial cytoskeletal protein

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6
Q

FtsZ ring protein has been shown to be a _____ of eukaryotic tubulin.

A

bacterial homolog

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7
Q

FtsZ polymerizes as well as binds and hydrolizes _____ in a polymerization-dependent manner.

A

GTP

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8
Q

_____ appears to be associated with FtsZ.

A

Actin-like protein

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9
Q

All eukaryotic cells store genetic information in _____.

A

chromosomes

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10
Q

Human cells have _____ chromosomes.

A

46

nearly 23 identical pairs

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11
Q

Chromosomes are comprised primarily of _____ and _____.

A

DNA
protein
(collectively named chromatin)

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12
Q

The p-arm of the chromosome is the _____ side.

A

shorter

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13
Q

The q are of the chromosome is the _____ side.

A

longer

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14
Q

The _____ is the center of the chromosome.

A

centromere

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15
Q

Heterochromatin is _____ because it is _____.

A

dark

not expressed

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16
Q

Euchromatin is _____ because it is _____.

A

light

expressed

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17
Q

_____ are present at the ends of the chromosome.

A

Telomeres

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18
Q

DNA forms a ____ every 200 nucleotides.

A

nucleosome

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19
Q

DNA is coiled around _____.

A

histone proteins

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20
Q

A nucleosome is a complex of _____ and _____.

A

DNA

histone proteins

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21
Q

Nucleosomes promote and guide coiling of _____.

A

DNA

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22
Q

A _____ is a DNA duplex coiled around _ histone proteins every _ nucleotides.

A

nucleosome
8
200

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23
Q

_____ are positively charged and strongly attracted to negatively charged phosphate groups of _____.

A

Histones

DNA

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24
Q

Nucleosomes wrapped into higher order coils are called _____.

A

solenoids

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25
Q

Solenoids are _ nm in diameter.

A

30

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26
Q

Solenoids are the usual state of _____.

A

nondividing (interphase) chromatin

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27
Q

During _____, chromatin in _____ is arranged around scaffold of protein to achieve maximum _____.

A

mitosis
solenoid
compaction

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28
Q

Radial looping is aided by _____.

A

condensin proteins

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29
Q

Karyotype

A

Individual’s particular array of chromosomes.

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30
Q

Diploid

A

A cell possessing two copies of each chromosome.

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31
Q

Homologous chromosomes are made up of _____ joined at the _____.

A

sister chromatids

centromere

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32
Q

Haploid

A

A cell possessing a single copy of each chromosome.

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33
Q

Replicated chromosomes are connected to each other at their _____.

A

kinetochores

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34
Q

Cohesin

A

Complex of proteins holding replicated chromosomes together.

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35
Q

Sister chromatid

A

2 copies of the chromosome within the replicated chromosome.

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36
Q

Replication is the process of _____ a chromosome.

A

duplicating

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37
Q

Replicated copies are called _____.

A

sister chromatids

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38
Q

Chromatids are held together at the _____.

A

centromere

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39
Q

The _____ is the complete set of chromosomes of plants and animals.

A

chromosome complement

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40
Q

The nucleus of each somatic cell contains a _____ number of chromosomes typical of the particular species.

A

fixed

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41
Q

Homologous chromosomes are _____.

A

nearly identical

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42
Q

Sister chromatids are _____.

A

exactly identical

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43
Q

The number of chromosomes has little relationship to the _____ of an organism.

A

complexity

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44
Q

The eukaryotic cell cycle (1-5)

A
  1. Gap phase 1
  2. Synthesis
  3. Gap phase 2
  4. Mitosis
  5. Cytokinesis
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45
Q

Cell Cycle:

Gap phase 1

A

Primary (longest, 10hr) growth phase

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46
Q

Cell Cycle:

DNA synthesis

A

Each chromosome replicates to produce sister chromatids

9hr

47
Q

Cell Cycle:

Gap phase 2

A

Chromosomes condense, organelles replicate, microtubules organize
4hr

48
Q

Cell Cycle:

Mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
    1hr
49
Q

Cell Cycle:

Cytokinesis

A

Separation of 2 new cells

50
Q

The interphase (non-dividing phase) consists of _____, _____ and _____.

A

gap phase 1
synthesis
gap phase 2

51
Q

Mitosis separates the chromosomes into _____ and then divides the cell to form two new cells.

A

two equal groups

52
Q

The stages of mitosis are characterized by the _____ and _____ of the chromosomes.

A

behavior

location

53
Q

Mitosis requires the formation of _____.

A

spindles

54
Q

During mitosis, chromosomes are separated by _____.

A

mitotic spindles

55
Q

Mitotic spindles are _____, _____ structures composed of _____ that extend between two poles.

A

symmetrical
bipolar
microtubules

56
Q

At each pole of the mitotic spindle is a _____.

A

centrosome

57
Q

Spindle formation and function depend on the dynamic behavior of _____ and their _____.

A

microtubules

associated motor proteins

58
Q

The mitotic spindle is a complex assembly of microtubules and _____.

A

microtubule-dependent motor proteins

59
Q

Microtubules in the mitotic spindle are highly organized with respect to their _____.

A

polarity

60
Q

During mitosis the centrosomes which form the _____ are _____ charged.

A

poles

positively

61
Q

Aster

A

a radial array of microtubules (animals)

62
Q

Prophase (1-5)

A
  1. Chromosomes condense
  2. Nuclear envelope disintegrates
  3. Centrioles move to poles
  4. Mitotic spindle forms
  5. Kinetochores mature
63
Q

Prometaphase occurs after _____ of nuclear envelope.

A

disassembly

64
Q

During prometaphase, microtubules grow from poles and attach to _____.

A

kinetochores

65
Q

During prometaphase, each sister chromatid is connected to _____.

A

opposite poles

66
Q

During prometaphase, chromosomes move toward _____.

A

the center of the cell

congression

67
Q

During metaphase, chromosomes align in the cell’s _____ along the _____.

A

center

metaphase plate

68
Q

Anaphase begins when _____ split.

A

centromeres

69
Q

The key event of anaphase is removal of ____ from all chromosomes.

A

cohesin proteins

70
Q

During anaphase, _____ are pulled to opposite poles (anaphase-A) and _____ shorten and move apart (anaphase-B).

A

sister chromatids

microtubules

71
Q

During telophase, _____ disassembles.

A

spindle apparatus

72
Q

During telophase, a _____ forms around each set of sister chromatids (now called _____)

A

nuclear envelope

chromosomes

73
Q

During telophase, chromosomes begin to _____.

A

uncoil

74
Q

During telophase, the _____ reappears in each new nucleus.

A

nucleolus

75
Q

During telophase, the _____ and _____ re-form.

A

golgi complex

endoplasmic reticulum

76
Q

Cleavage of a cell into two halves during cytokinesis in animal cells occurs by the formation of _____.

A

a constriction belt of actin filaments

77
Q

Cleavage of a cell into two halves during cytokinesis in plant cells occurs by the formation of _____.

A

a cell plate

78
Q

Mitosis occurs within the nucleus in _____ and _____.

A

fungi

protists

79
Q

During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm is partitioned to form _____.

A

two new daughter cells

80
Q

Division of a cell during the late anaphase occurs through the _____ of the _____ at the ______.

A

contraction
contractile ring
midbody

81
Q

The contractile ring is composed largely of _____ and _____; constriction is driven by _____.

A

actin
myosin
their interaction

82
Q

The two irreversible points in the cell cycle are:

A
  1. Replication of genetic material

2. Separation of sister chromatids

83
Q

During the cell cycle, the cell can be _____ at specific checkpoints.

A

put on hold

84
Q

The first checkpoint in the cell cycle is at the end of _____.

A

gap phase 1

Primary point for external signal influence

85
Q

The second checkpoint in the cell cycle is at the end of _____.

A

gap phase 2

86
Q

The third checkpoint in the cell cycle is at _____, known as the _____.

A

late metaphase

spindle checkpoint

87
Q

At the gap phase 2 checkpoint, the cell assesses _____ and _____.

A

success of DNA replication

makes a commitment to mitosis

88
Q

At the late metaphase checkpoint, the cell ensures that all _____ are attached to the _____.

A

chromosomes

spindle

89
Q

A fundamental feature of the cell cycle is that it is a true cycle: _____.

A

it is not reversible

90
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are enzymes that _____.

A

phosphorylate proteins

91
Q

_____ are the primary mechanism of cell cycle control.

A

Cyclin-dependent kinases

Cdks

92
Q

Cdks partner with different _____ at different points in the cell cycle.

A

cyclins

93
Q

Cdk itself is also controlled by _____.

A

phosphorylation

94
Q

Cdk

A

cyclin complex
(mitosis-promoting factor)
(MPF)

95
Q

Activity of Cdk is also controlled by the pattern of _____.

A

phosphorylation

96
Q

Phosphorylation at two sites of Cdk _____ or _____ Cdk.

A

activate

inactivate

97
Q

_____ is necessary for MPF function.

A

M phase cyclin

98
Q

Activity of MPF is controlled by inhibitory phosphorylation of the kinase component, _____.

A

Cdc2

99
Q

Damage to DNA acts through a complex pathway to tip the balance of phosphorylation toward _____.

A

inhibition of MPF

100
Q

The anaphase-promoting complex (_____) is also called _____ (____).

A

APC
cyclosome
C

101
Q

Function of the APC/C is to trigger _____.

A

anaphase

102
Q

Before G1/S checkpoint, _____ is inactive.

A

Cdk2

103
Q

After G1/S checkpoint, Cdk2 is _____.

A

active

104
Q

Before G2/M checkpoint, _____ is inactive.

A

Cdk1

105
Q

After G2/M checkpoint, Cdk1 is _____.

A

active

106
Q

Before the spindle checkpoint, APC is _____.

A

inactive

107
Q

After the spindle checkpoint, _____ is active.

A

APC

108
Q

Cdk2 partners with _____.

A

Cyclin E

109
Q

Cdk1 partners with _____.

A

Cyclin B

110
Q

_____ Cdks control the cell cycle in eukaryotes.

A

Multiple

111
Q

A single _____ controls the cell cycle in yeasts.

A

Cdk

112
Q

Growth factors act by triggering _____.

A

intracellular signaling systems

113
Q

Platelet-derived growth factor (_____) is an RTK that initiates _____ to stimulate _____.

A

PDGF
MAP kinase cascade
cell division

114
Q

_____ can override cellular controls that otherwise _____ cell divison.

A

Growth factors

inhibit

Biology (5 decks)

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