Structure Function of CNS

Question 1

4 Lobes

Answer 1

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

Question 2

3 Fissures/Sulci

Answer 2

Central sulcus
Lateral fissure
Calcerine fissure

Question 3

Corpus callosum

Answer 3

White matter connecting left and right hemispheres

Question 4

Cerebellum

Answer 4

Base of brain responsible for balance, motor, and learning

Question 5

Prefrontal Cortex Functions

Answer 5

Higher executive functions

Question 6

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 6

Abstract thinking
Planning
Reasoning

Question 7

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Answer 7

Emotional drive
Inhibition of inappropriate emotional responses
Dysfunction: apathy, lack of motivation

Question 8

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Answer 8

Reviewing your actions, thoughts, impulse control, evaluating things
Dysfunction: aggressive behavior, sexual promiscuity, no filter

Question 9

Pyramidal Motor Systems

Answer 9

Central nervous system

Question 10

Extrapyramidal Motor Systems

Answer 10

Involuntary reflexes
Voluntary movement - fine motor skills and postural adjustments
Motor learning

Question 11

Broca’s Area

Answer 11

Motor components of speech - making sounds

Understanding sentence structure

Question 12

Wernicke’s Area

Answer 12

Understanding language

Question 13

Extra Pyramidal System Key Structures

Answer 13

Caudate putamen = striatum - part of basal ganglia
Substantia Nigra too
DA receptors

Question 14

Dysfunction of EPS

Answer 14

Tremor
Loss of gait
Inability to adjust posture
Loss of fine motor skills

Question 15

Medial Temporal Lobe

Answer 15

Hippocampus - memory

Amygdala - fear, emotional learning, emotions

Question 16

Insular Cortex

Answer 16

Pain perception
Self-awareness and consciousness
Inner fold of cortex in temporal lobe

Question 17

Cells of the Brain

Answer 17

Neurons 100 billion (10%)

Glial cells 10x more than that! (90%)

Question 18

Types of Synaptic Connections Between Neurons

Answer 18

Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic

Question 19

Types of Glial Cells

Answer 19

Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Astrocytes

Question 20

Functions of Astrocytes

Answer 20

Supportive functions
Eat up excess neutrotransmitters
Responders to injury, cytokine/inflammation, contribute to BBB

Question 21

Function of Oligodendrocytes

Answer 21

Myelin sheath production

Question 22

Where is the CSF produced?

Answer 22

Ventricles

Question 23

What is the purpose of the CSF?

Answer 23

Provide buoyancy/protection of brain inside of skull and spine

Question 24

Function of microglia

Answer 24

Phagocytes

Question 25

What types of substances are in CSF and why?

Answer 25

Small AAs, proteins, electrolytes because large molecules can't fit between tight junctions

Question 26

How do neurons communicate with one another?

Answer 26

Electrochemical signals

Question 27

Draw out an action potential

Answer 27

RMP (Na+K+ pump and K+ channels open) reaches threshold then voltage gated Na+ open then voltage gated K+ channels open then Na+ channels close and when hyperpolarization occurs, K+ channels occur until RMP is reached again

Question 28

Neurotransmitter Release

Answer 28

Synaptic vesicles form and present to presynaptic terminal cell surface Docking proteins grab the vesicle and extracellular Ca++ rushes in Vesicle binds to surface and allows neurotransmitter to be released into synaptic cleft

Question 29

5 Defining Features of a Neurotransmitter

Answer 29

1. Must be made in neuron 2. Must produce effect in postsynaptic neuron 3. Must be release in identifiable form 4. Must be in the terminal 5. Must have a method of termination

Question 30

Types of Neurotransmitters

Answer 30

Biogenic Amino Acids Peptides

Question 31

4 Dopamine Pathways

Answer 31

Nigrostriatal - EPS Mesolimbic - memories, emotions, learning Mesocortical - executive functions Tuberofundibular - prolactin secretion

Question 32

How does a typical DA neuron work?

Answer 32

Release and autoreceptors on presynaptic neuron = negative feedback

Question 33

What is the main difference between D1 and D2 receptors?

Answer 33

D1 - stimulate DA synthesis D2 - inhibit DA synthesis Autoreceptors on postsynaptic neuron

Question 34

Norepi Circulation and Synthesis

Answer 34

Tyr - L-DOPA - DOPA - NE

Question 35

SR Biosynthesis and Neurons

Answer 35

Trp - 5-HT - Melatonin | Also have presynaptic autoreceptors

Question 36

Ach Biosynthesis

Answer 36

Choline + acetate to acetylcholine Choline brought into terminal and converted to Ach then passed through synapse to M and N receptors and AchE (breakdown!)

Question 37

Muscarinic Receptors

Answer 37

Excitatory OR inhibitory postganglionic receptors Blocker - atropine G protein coupled cAMP

Question 38

Nicotinic Receptors

Answer 38

Postganglionic AND neuromuscular receptors Excitatory Blocker - curare Ligand gated ion channel

Question 39

Glutamate and GABA synthesis

Answer 39

Glutamine to glutamate to GABA

Question 40

Mechanisms of Termination

Answer 40

Reuptake | Degradation

Question 41

Reuptake Inhibitors

Answer 41

SSRIs - SR TCAs - NE Cocaine - DA Tiagibine - GABA

Question 42

Degradative Inhibitors

Answer 42

Carbidopa - DA MAOIs - NE, SR, DA ACHEi - Ach