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Dermatology > Structure & Function & Basics > Flashcards

Structure & Function & Basics Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What is the largest organ in body?

A

Skin

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2
Q

The epidermis is composed of which type of epithelium

A

Stratified squamous

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3
Q

The epidermis originates from which embryonic layer

A

Ectoderm

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4
Q

The dermis originates from which embryonic layer

A

Mesoderm

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5
Q

Gastrulation occurs how many days after foetal development?

A

7-10 days

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6
Q

Melanocytes are produced where?

A

Neural crest

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7
Q

At 4 weeks what layers of skin are present?

A

Periderm, basal and dermis (AKA corium)

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8
Q

At 16 weeks how many layers of skin are present?

A

5 (keratin, granular, prickle cell, basal and dermis)

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9
Q

At which age do skin appendages (e.g. follicles) appear?

A

26 weeks

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10
Q

Blaschko’s lines are indicative of what

A

Problems in early skin development

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11
Q

What are the layers of mature skin? (5)

A
  • Epidermis
  • Appendages (e.g. nails, hair, glands)
  • Dermo-epidermal junction
  • Dermis
  • Sub-cutis
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12
Q

What is the main content of epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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13
Q

Keratinocytes move “upwards” through 4 distinctive layers of the epidermis, they are:

A

Keratin layer (sloughed off), granular layer (presence of granules), prickle cell layer (prickly due to psuedopodia) and basal layer

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14
Q

In terms of cell turnover, psoriasis is simply a condition of cells turning over faster/slower than they should

A

Faster

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15
Q

The basal cell layer is usually ___ thick and is composed of _____

A

One cell thick.

Small cubodial cells.

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16
Q

The basal layer is highly metabolically active. True/false?

A

True

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17
Q

The Prickle Layer has lots of desmosomes and intermediate filaments. True/false?

A

True

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18
Q

The granules of the granular layer mainly contain which proteins (2)?

A

Filaggrin & involucrin

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19
Q

What’s the distinguishing histological feature of granular layer?

A

Odland bodies (AKA Lamellar bodies)

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20
Q

Granular layer cells have a high/low fat content & why?

A

High (preparing to make water-tight proteins)

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21
Q

The keratin layer is composed of which cell mainly

A

Corneocytes

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22
Q

What’s the important function of the keratin layer?

A

Forms a water-tight barrier allowing to live without water loss.

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23
Q

Other epidermal cells (not keratinocytes) include (3):

A
  • Melanocytes (basal and suprabasal)
  • Langerhans Cells (suprabasal)
  • Merkel Cells (basal)
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24
Q

Melanocytes migrate from the neural crest at which point in development?

A

First 3 months

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25
Q

Which organelle produces pigment in melanocytes?

A

Melanosomes

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26
Q

Melanin is produced from which precursor?

A

Tyrosine

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27
Q

The two types of pigment include:

A
  • Eumelanin (black/brown)

- Phaeomelanin (red/yellow)

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28
Q

Mleansoomes are transferred to adjacent keratinocytes via which structures?

A

Dendrites

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29
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone is very large/small and is produced from which hormone?

A

Small (7AAs) and produced from ACTH

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30
Q

How many genes must be lost in order to produce clinical albinism?

A

4

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31
Q

What is the clinically “opposite” condition to albinism?

A

Nelson’s Syndrome (excess MSH)

32
Q

Langerhans cells are from which origin and site?

A

Mesenchymal from bone marrow

33
Q

Langerhans cells are closely associated with which cell in the epidermis?

A

Prickle cells

34
Q

Langerhans cells have which function in the skin?

A

Immune (APC cells)

35
Q

The histologically distuinguishing marker of Langerhans cells is

A

Racket Organelles AKA Birbeck Granules

36
Q

What is the function of the birbeck granule?

A

Unknown

37
Q

Merkel cells have which function?

A

Touch (mechanoreceptor)

38
Q

Merkel cells are present at which cell level?

A

Basal

39
Q

The hair follicle is AKA….

A

Pilosebacous unit

40
Q

Hair pigmentation is provided from melanocytes above which structure?

A

Dermal papillae

41
Q

What are the 3 phases of hair growth?

A
  • Anagen (growing)
  • Catagen (dying)
  • Telogen (dead)
42
Q

Male pattern baldness occurs in which pattern?

A

Hamilton Patterns

43
Q

Alopecia areata is caused by what (general)?

A

Auotimmune

44
Q

What are the 3 distinctive sub-layers of DEJ?

A
  • Lamina lucida
  • Lamina densa
  • Sub-lamina densa zone
45
Q

Bullous pemphigoid is caused by what (roughly)?

A

Antibodies against the DEJ proteins B230 and B280

46
Q

What’s the definitive test for bullous pemphigoid?

A

Immunofluorescence of skin biopsy for antibodies

47
Q

Mitten deformities can be a sign of which condition?

A

Epidermolysis bullosa

48
Q

The dermis is composed of which cells? (5)

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, masts cells, lymphocytes and Langerhans cells

49
Q

What keeps skin “plump”?

A

Collagen and elastin fibres (as elastin increases, more wrinkles appear)

50
Q

Are skin lymphatics muscular?

A

No

51
Q

Lymphodema can result in which skin problems? (2)

A

Cobblestoning & scailing

52
Q

Pacinian corpuscles cells sense what?

A

Pressure (lower, look like onions)

53
Q

Meissener’s cells sense what?

A

Vibration (and fine touch, high in epidermis - c.f. Pacinian which sense “deep” pressure

54
Q

The apocrine glands are mainly where?

A

Genitals and sweating areas

55
Q

The eccrine glands are what? Are they common

A

Sweat glands. Yes, commonest in body.

56
Q

Sebum is produced from what precusors (4)

A
  • Squalene
  • Wax esters
  • Triglycerides
  • FAs
57
Q

What is the function of the sebaceous gland physiologically (2)

A
  • Prevent moisture loss

- Protect against fungal infection

58
Q

Eccrine glands are under what kind of control?

A

sympathetic, cholinergic

59
Q

What’s a common iatrogenic cause of TEN?

A

Allopurinol posioning

60
Q

Metabolically, the skin is involved which metabolism of which nutrients?

A

Vitamin D & thyroid hormones

61
Q

The conversion of cholecalciferol to vitamin D3 occurs at which wavelength?

A

290-320nm

62
Q

Vitamin D3 is converted to vitamin D where?

A

Kidney

63
Q

80% of conversion of T4 to T3 occurs where?

A

Skin

64
Q

How to keratinocytes contribute to immunity?

A

Produce AMPs, cytokines and chemokines

65
Q

Langerhans cells are a type of dendritic cell. True/false?

A

True

66
Q

In epidermis, what is the main subtype of T-cell? How does this vary from dermis?

A

CD8+ along with NK cells. Differs from dermis which has CD4+ and CD8+

67
Q

Psoriasis is associated with activation of which T-helper cell subtype?

A

TH1

68
Q

Atopic dermatitis is assoicated with activation of which t-helper cell subtype?

A

TH2

69
Q

TH1 cytokines include (2)

A

IL2, IFN gamma

70
Q

TH2 cytokines include (3)

A

IL4, IL5, IL6

71
Q

Which type of dendritic cell produces IFN alpha in diseased skin?

A

Plasmacytoid DCs

72
Q

MHC molecule is found on what chromosome?

A

6

73
Q

Atopic eczema characteristically an impairment of what, usually due to what?

A

Impairment of skin barrier due to mutated filaggrin gene

74
Q

Atopic eczema is mainly which type of immune response

A

TH2

75
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity is mediated by which antibody?

A

IgE / histamine

76
Q

Type 2 and 3 hypersensitivities are mediated by what?

A

IgG and IGM (type 3 is complex)

Dermatology (15 decks)

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