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Dermatology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

A cream is defined as _____ . They are designed to be greasy/non-greasy

A

A semisolid emulsion of oil in water (contains preservatives). Designed to be non-greasy

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2
Q

An ointment is defined as _____ . They are designed to be greasy/non-greasy. Important factor?

A

A semisolid mixture of grease/oil. Greasy. They block water and as such are emollients. Have NO preservative.

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3
Q

Gels are defined as _____.

A

Semi-solid thickened aqueous solutions. Good for treating scalp/hair bearing area.

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4
Q

Pastes are defined as _____. They are easy/difficult to apply?

A

Semisolids which contain a fine powdered material. Difficult to apply.

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5
Q

Emollients have what specific function?

A

Enhance rehydration of epidermis

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6
Q

Can emollients be used as soap substitutes?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are factors which optimise emollient use? (3)

A
  • Apply immediately after bathing
  • Apply in direction of hair growth
  • Use instrument to remove from container (reduces chance of infection)
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8
Q

Topical corticosteroids have the following cellular/vascular effects (3):

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Anti-inflammatory
  • Anti-proliferative
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9
Q

Topcial steroids should not be used in non-inflammatory conditions such as Keloid scars, true/false?

A

False

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10
Q

Potential skin side-effects of topical steroids? (3)

A
  • Thin skin
  • Stretch marks
  • Purpura
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11
Q

Other side-effects (rare) of topical steroids? (3)

A
  • Fixed telangectasia
  • Perioral dermatitis
  • Steroid rosacea
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12
Q

Which “newer” drugs may supplant the role of topical corticosteroids? How do they work?

A

Calcineurin inhibitors. Suppress lymphocyte activation.

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13
Q

What are the side-effects of calcineurin inhibitors?

A

Infection, burning sensation on application, skin cancer

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14
Q

Topical antifungals end in which suffix?

A

-Azole

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15
Q

Common anti-itch medications include (3)

A
  • Menthol
  • Capsaicin
  • Phenol
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16
Q

Topical psoriasis treatments (in no specific order) include:

A
  • Emollients (including coal tar)
  • Vitamin D analogue
  • Keratinolytic
  • Topical steroids
  • Dithranoil
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17
Q

Example vitamin D analogue

A

Calcipotriol (reduces cell turn-over, does not stain but may irritate skin)

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18
Q

Is coal tar treatment cosmetically appealing?

A

No, it is messy and smelly

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19
Q

Itch is processed in which 2 brain regions?

A
  • Forebrain

- Hypothalamus

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20
Q

The mediators of chemical itch include (4)

A
  • Histamine
  • PGE2
  • Substance P
  • Serotonin
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21
Q

Itch is transmitted via which nerves?

A

Unmyelinated C-fibres

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22
Q

What are the 4 types of itch?

A

1) Puritoceptive (associated with inflammation/dryness e.g. eczema)
2) Neuropathic (nerve damaged caused)
3) Neurogenic (no evidence of damage but itch caused by CNS e.g. opioid use)
4) Psychogenic (psychological cause, e.g. delusion of infestation)

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23
Q

Lichen planus is a cause of what type of itch?

A

Puritoceptive

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24
Q

Systemic diseases tend to cause which type of itch?

A

Neurogenic

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25
What's the easiest type of itch to treat the cause of?
Pruritoceptive
26
Anti-itch treatments (6)
1) Sedative antihistamines 2) Emollients (especially with menthol, capscin) 3) Antidepressants (e.g. SSRI, tricyclic) 4) For some neruopathic itches consider anti-epileptic medicines 5) Phototherapy 6) Opiate antagonists (e.g. ondansetron)
27
Dasatinib / Imatinib targets what?
c-Kit to prevent cell growth
28
Vemurafenib / Dabrafenib targets what?
B-Raf to prevent cell growth
29
Trametinib targets what?
MEK
30
Ipilimunab / Tremelimumab targets what?
CTLA-4 on T-cells
31
Pembrolizumab targets what?
PD-1 on T-cells
32
What % of drug reactions are cutaneous? What % of patients are hospitalised with cutaneous reactions?
30% | 3%
33
Urticaria is what type of allergic reaction?
T1
34
Pemphigus & pemphigoid are mediated by which antibodies? What type of allergic reaction are they?
T2 (cytotoxic) | Mediated by IgM & IgG
35
Purpura is which type of allergic reaction?
T3
36
Type 4 allergy is mediated by what
T-cells
37
What's the most common morphology of cutaneous drug reaction?
Exanthematous (90%)
38
What are the risk factors for developing a cutaneous drug reaction (3)
1) Female sex 2) Infection 3) Immunity status
39
Which class of drugs is most likely to cause a cutaneous drug eruption (antibiotic)?
Beta-lactams
40
In exanthematous drug reactions, what's the prognostic sign of poor outcome?
Mucous membrane involvement
41
Facial oedema is an indicator of severe exanthematous reaction, T/F?
True
42
Urticarial reactions are commonly caused by which drug type?
Beta-lactam antibiotics
43
Acne can be caused by which drug? (2)
Glucocorticoids, androgens
44
Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustolosis presents with infected/sterile pustules?
Sterile
45
Which drug can cause AGEP?
Antibiotics
46
Pemphigoid can be induced by which drugs?
ACE inhibitors, penicillin
47
Linear IgA disease can be triggered by what drug?
Vancomycin
48
Fixed Drug Eruptions are associated with which drug? (2)
1) Tetracycline | 2) NSAIDs
49
Severe cutaneous drug reactions include (2)
SJS, TEN
50
Which drug can cause increased sensitivity to sunlight?
Azithoprine
51
Which drugs exaggerate sunburn?
Quinine, thiazides
52
Which drugs cause increased skin fragility?
Amiodarone, naproxen
53
1 fingertip of topical steroids should cover what area?
2 hands
54
How much (in grams) should be applied to cover the whole body with topical steroids?
20-30g
55
Candida treatment drug
Anti-yest (e.g. clotrimazole)
56
Dermatophytes treatment drugs
Clotrimazole, terbafine cream
57
Pityriasis versicolour treatment drug
Ketoconazole
58
Kerarolytics are used to treat which conditions? (3)
Viral warts, hyperkeratoic eczema & psorasis, corns
59
Wart first line treatment is mechanical paring plus
Keratolytic / cryotherapy
60
Side effects of coal tar
Messy & smelly
61
Vitamin D side-effect
Irritating (otherwise clean and no smell)
62
Dithranol side effect
Stains skin
63
How much (g) emollient should be prescribed per week?
300-500g
64
Biliary cirrhosis with opioid treatment causes which type of itch?
Neurogenic & pruritoceptive
65
In the brain, itch is mediated by which carrier?
Opioids
66
Tacrolimus is an example of which drug class?
Calcineurin inhibitor

Dermatology (15 decks)

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