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Dermatology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

A cream is defined as _____ . They are designed to be greasy/non-greasy

A

A semisolid emulsion of oil in water (contains preservatives). Designed to be non-greasy

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2
Q

An ointment is defined as _____ . They are designed to be greasy/non-greasy. Important factor?

A

A semisolid mixture of grease/oil. Greasy. They block water and as such are emollients. Have NO preservative.

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3
Q

Gels are defined as _____.

A

Semi-solid thickened aqueous solutions. Good for treating scalp/hair bearing area.

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4
Q

Pastes are defined as _____. They are easy/difficult to apply?

A

Semisolids which contain a fine powdered material. Difficult to apply.

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5
Q

Emollients have what specific function?

A

Enhance rehydration of epidermis

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6
Q

Can emollients be used as soap substitutes?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are factors which optimise emollient use? (3)

A
  • Apply immediately after bathing
  • Apply in direction of hair growth
  • Use instrument to remove from container (reduces chance of infection)
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8
Q

Topical corticosteroids have the following cellular/vascular effects (3):

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Anti-inflammatory
  • Anti-proliferative
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9
Q

Topcial steroids should not be used in non-inflammatory conditions such as Keloid scars, true/false?

A

False

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10
Q

Potential skin side-effects of topical steroids? (3)

A
  • Thin skin
  • Stretch marks
  • Purpura
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11
Q

Other side-effects (rare) of topical steroids? (3)

A
  • Fixed telangectasia
  • Perioral dermatitis
  • Steroid rosacea
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12
Q

Which “newer” drugs may supplant the role of topical corticosteroids? How do they work?

A

Calcineurin inhibitors. Suppress lymphocyte activation.

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13
Q

What are the side-effects of calcineurin inhibitors?

A

Infection, burning sensation on application, skin cancer

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14
Q

Topical antifungals end in which suffix?

A

-Azole

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15
Q

Common anti-itch medications include (3)

A
  • Menthol
  • Capsaicin
  • Phenol
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16
Q

Topical psoriasis treatments (in no specific order) include:

A
  • Emollients (including coal tar)
  • Vitamin D analogue
  • Keratinolytic
  • Topical steroids
  • Dithranoil
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17
Q

Example vitamin D analogue

A

Calcipotriol (reduces cell turn-over, does not stain but may irritate skin)

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18
Q

Is coal tar treatment cosmetically appealing?

A

No, it is messy and smelly

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19
Q

Itch is processed in which 2 brain regions?

A
  • Forebrain

- Hypothalamus

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20
Q

The mediators of chemical itch include (4)

A
  • Histamine
  • PGE2
  • Substance P
  • Serotonin
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21
Q

Itch is transmitted via which nerves?

A

Unmyelinated C-fibres

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22
Q

What are the 4 types of itch?

A

1) Puritoceptive (associated with inflammation/dryness e.g. eczema)
2) Neuropathic (nerve damaged caused)
3) Neurogenic (no evidence of damage but itch caused by CNS e.g. opioid use)
4) Psychogenic (psychological cause, e.g. delusion of infestation)

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23
Q

Lichen planus is a cause of what type of itch?

A

Puritoceptive

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24
Q

Systemic diseases tend to cause which type of itch?

A

Neurogenic

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25
Q

What’s the easiest type of itch to treat the cause of?

A

Pruritoceptive

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26
Q

Anti-itch treatments (6)

A

1) Sedative antihistamines
2) Emollients (especially with menthol, capscin)
3) Antidepressants (e.g. SSRI, tricyclic)
4) For some neruopathic itches consider anti-epileptic medicines
5) Phototherapy
6) Opiate antagonists (e.g. ondansetron)

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27
Q

Dasatinib / Imatinib targets what?

A

c-Kit to prevent cell growth

28
Q

Vemurafenib / Dabrafenib targets what?

A

B-Raf to prevent cell growth

29
Q

Trametinib targets what?

A

MEK

30
Q

Ipilimunab / Tremelimumab targets what?

A

CTLA-4 on T-cells

31
Q

Pembrolizumab targets what?

A

PD-1 on T-cells

32
Q

What % of drug reactions are cutaneous? What % of patients are hospitalised with cutaneous reactions?

A

30%

3%

33
Q

Urticaria is what type of allergic reaction?

A

T1

34
Q

Pemphigus & pemphigoid are mediated by which antibodies? What type of allergic reaction are they?

A

T2 (cytotoxic)

Mediated by IgM & IgG

35
Q

Purpura is which type of allergic reaction?

A

T3

36
Q

Type 4 allergy is mediated by what

A

T-cells

37
Q

What’s the most common morphology of cutaneous drug reaction?

A

Exanthematous (90%)

38
Q

What are the risk factors for developing a cutaneous drug reaction (3)

A

1) Female sex
2) Infection
3) Immunity status

39
Q

Which class of drugs is most likely to cause a cutaneous drug eruption (antibiotic)?

A

Beta-lactams

40
Q

In exanthematous drug reactions, what’s the prognostic sign of poor outcome?

A

Mucous membrane involvement

41
Q

Facial oedema is an indicator of severe exanthematous reaction, T/F?

A

True

42
Q

Urticarial reactions are commonly caused by which drug type?

A

Beta-lactam antibiotics

43
Q

Acne can be caused by which drug? (2)

A

Glucocorticoids, androgens

44
Q

Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustolosis presents with infected/sterile pustules?

A

Sterile

45
Q

Which drug can cause AGEP?

A

Antibiotics

46
Q

Pemphigoid can be induced by which drugs?

A

ACE inhibitors, penicillin

47
Q

Linear IgA disease can be triggered by what drug?

A

Vancomycin

48
Q

Fixed Drug Eruptions are associated with which drug? (2)

A

1) Tetracycline

2) NSAIDs

49
Q

Severe cutaneous drug reactions include (2)

A

SJS, TEN

50
Q

Which drug can cause increased sensitivity to sunlight?

A

Azithoprine

51
Q

Which drugs exaggerate sunburn?

A

Quinine, thiazides

52
Q

Which drugs cause increased skin fragility?

A

Amiodarone, naproxen

53
Q

1 fingertip of topical steroids should cover what area?

A

2 hands

54
Q

How much (in grams) should be applied to cover the whole body with topical steroids?

A

20-30g

55
Q

Candida treatment drug

A

Anti-yest (e.g. clotrimazole)

56
Q

Dermatophytes treatment drugs

A

Clotrimazole, terbafine cream

57
Q

Pityriasis versicolour treatment drug

A

Ketoconazole

58
Q

Kerarolytics are used to treat which conditions? (3)

A

Viral warts, hyperkeratoic eczema & psorasis, corns

59
Q

Wart first line treatment is mechanical paring plus

A

Keratolytic / cryotherapy

60
Q

Side effects of coal tar

A

Messy & smelly

61
Q

Vitamin D side-effect

A

Irritating (otherwise clean and no smell)

62
Q

Dithranol side effect

A

Stains skin

63
Q

How much (g) emollient should be prescribed per week?

A

300-500g

64
Q

Biliary cirrhosis with opioid treatment causes which type of itch?

A

Neurogenic & pruritoceptive

65
Q

In the brain, itch is mediated by which carrier?

A

Opioids

66
Q

Tacrolimus is an example of which drug class?

A

Calcineurin inhibitor

Dermatology (15 decks)

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