structure and general function of the respiratory system Flashcards
functions of the respiratory system
- provide O2, Eliminate CO2 (gas exchange)
- regulate blood pH
-Phonation (speech) - microbial defense
- elimination and secretion of chemical messengers (example: ACE)
- traps and dissolves blood clots arising from the systemic veins
what is the random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
diffusion
pulmonary respiration refers to
ventilation (breathing) and the exchange of gases in the lungs
cellular respiration relates to
O2 utilization and CO2 production by the tissues
gas exchange between the blood and the tissues is known as
internal respiration
mechanical process of moving air into the out of the lungs is
ventilation
gas exchange between the lungs and the blood is
external respiration
portion of tidal volume that does not reach the alveolar is
dead space ventilation
random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is
diffusion
upper respiratory tract includes the
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
Lower respiratory
tract includes the
trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, the respiratory bronchioles, and alveoli
Which of the following is NOT an important function the larynx?
-Prevention of aspiration
-Phonation
-Mastication
-Control of airflow during breathing
mastication
functions of conducting zone
- provides a low resistance pathway for airflow
- cilia, mucus, and macrophages provide a defense against microbes and other harmful chemicals (filtration)
- warms and humidifies the air
-phonation
function of respiratory zone
- gas exchange
- microbe dense
- removal and secretion of chemicals
- trap and dissolve blood clots
bronchial smooth muscle stimulated - B2 receptors
stimulated by epinephrine and will cause bronchodilation
bronchiole smooth muscle - Muscarinic receptors
- stimulated by PSNS and will cause bronchovasoconstriction
gas exchange between
alveolar wall into capillaries
type 1 alveolar cells characteristics and purpose
flattened epithelial cells (squamous cell) of the lung where gas exchange takes place. make up 97% of the lung surface
type 2 alveolar cells characteristics and purpose
cells are granular and roughly cuboidal epithelial cells - produces surfactant
role of surfactant
decreases surface tension allowing the lungs to expand
interdependence of alveoli
allows the alveoli to expand during inspiration
increase alveolar wall tension pulls the airway further open to
reduce resistance and facilitate more airflow
air cal flow between
alveoli as well
importance of alveoli
gas exchange
to increase air flow you could
do stacking breathing which allows air to flow one alveoli to another
ventilation is the
movement of air that occurs because of bulk flow
inspiration occurs when
volume of lung increases
expiration occurs when
volume of lung decreases
afsdf
contraction of respiratory muscles
inspiration thoracic cavity
expands
inspiration the lungs
diaphragm contract vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity increase
inspiration the ribs
are elevated and thoracic cavity widens
during inspiration the sternum
moves anteriorly and thocic cavity expands
expiration is
active
inspiration is
passive
position of lungs/pleural pressure
-intrapleural pressure
- pariteal pleura
-pleural cavity
- visceral pleura
-intrapulmonary pressure
alveolar fluid lost to evaporation is replenished by the fluid in the
pleural cavity
fluid in the pleural cavity is repelnsiehd by fluid moving in form the
capillaries
excess fluid is drained by the
lymphatic system
what would happen if a person were to fracture a rib, puncturing the parietal pleura
intrapleural pressure would increase and the lung would collapse
muscles of inspiration
- scalene
-sternocleidomastoid - external intercostal muscle
- diaphragm
muscles of expiration
- internal intercostal muscles
- external oblique
-rectus abdominis
-internal oblique
-transverse abdominis
respiratory muscles consume what percentage of O2 utilized by the body at rest
5
during exercise, respiratory muscles consumption increase to
30%
what would cause an increase in the work of breathing
being at altitude
airflow depends on
-pressure difference between two ends of air way
- resistance of airways
airflow =
change of pressure / resistance
airway resistance depends on
- diameter of the airway
- laminar or turbulent flow
-viscosity of the gas
dead space is defined as
the air in the lugs thats in the conducting zone is not getting any gas exchange
pulmonary ventilation is
movement of gas into and out of the lungs
v=
volume of gas
dot over Means
per minute
Vt =
tidal volume
Vd
dead space
Va
alveolar
VE
pulmonary ventilation
VE =
Vt x f or VE = VT x RR
f =
frequency of breathing
dead space ventilation refers to the
portion of tidal volume that does not reach the alveolar compartment
alveolar ventilation refers to the
portion of the tidal volume that reaches the alveolar compartment (gas exchange surface)
alveolar ventilation can be computed as
Va = (VT-VD) x RR
respiratory volumes tidal volume definition
amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath during quiet breathing
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort
residual volume (RV)
amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration; that is, the amount of air that can never be voluntarily exhaled
weakness of the diaphragm would resulting in what change in spirometry
decreased inspiratory capacity
what happens if you don’t have residual volume
collapse lung
FEV
forced expiratory volume
meaning of FEV1
maximum volume of air exhaled in 1 sec
why does the ability to exhale air forcefully indicate obstructive lung disease
during exhalation, tension pulling the smaller airways open decreases
- smaller diameter = greater resistance to airflow
chronic inflammation causes
- loss of proteins holding the smaller airways open leading to greater collapse
- thickened airways (smaller diameter)
- constriction of the bronchiole smooth muscle which is exacerbated with rapid airflow (myogenic constriction)
if total lung volume is small you could say that the force
the force of air will be small
asthma results in
bronchoconstriction because of an irritant (bronchiole smooth muscle spasms)
what medications is used for asthma
anticholinergic
