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Applied Phys > oxygen delivery and circulator response to exercise > Flashcards

oxygen delivery and circulator response to exercise Flashcards

1
Q

coronary arteries consist of two vessels ?

A

epicardial vessels andsubendocardial vessels

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2
Q

which vessel is outside of the heart

A

epicardial vessels

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3
Q

which vessels are inside of the heart

A

subendocardial vessels

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4
Q

if a blockage to the epicardial vessels what happens to subendocaridal arterial plexus?

A

blood lost

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5
Q

blood flow is greatest during diastole due to

A

decrease of muscle contraction therefore lack of pressure to close arteries allowing a greater blood flow

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6
Q

cardiac muscle extracts 70 percent of the O2 coming to it at rest. why?

A

its always working

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7
Q

to increase O2 delivery, blood flow must

A

increase

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8
Q

systole occurs during which part of the EKG

A

ST segment

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9
Q

ACh bind too this receptors of the endothelium causing them to release nitric oxide as a vasodilator substance

A

muscarinic

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10
Q

SNS receptors and effects

A
  • alpha1 (vasoconstriction)
  • beta2 (vasodilation
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11
Q

SNS has a direct stimulation - what are the hormones and where do they innervated?

A
  • Ach - release NO, vasodilator
  • NE - SNS, vasoconstriction
  • Epi - humoral
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12
Q

PSNS indirect stimulation

A

alteration in metabolic demand - producing more metabolites

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13
Q

MVO2 =

A

Hr x SBP

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14
Q

vasodilators are released from the cardiac cells in response to

A

low O2

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15
Q

NO is released from coronary vessels in response to

A

shear stress

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16
Q

locally derived vasodilators

A
  • adenosine
  • ADP & AMP
  • K+
    -H+
  • CO2
  • prostaglandins
  • NO
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17
Q

what stimulates NO release

A

shear stress

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18
Q

high shear stress may occur when you have

A

plaque build up (thrombus)

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19
Q

other NO functions

A
  • decrease in platelet activation and aggregation
  • decrease vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
  • decrease adhesion molecule expression
  • decrease oxidation of LDL
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20
Q

decrease platelet activation and aggregation results in

A

decreases thumbs formation int eh material wall

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21
Q

decrease vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation results a

A

decreases thickening and stiffening of the artery

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22
Q

decrease in adhesion molecule expression results in

A

DCAM1 - immune cells

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23
Q

decrease of oxidation of LDL results

A

atherosclerosis

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24
Q

double product =

A

Heart rate x systolic BP

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25
Q

blood flow oscillates in cardiac and skeletal muscle as a result of muscle contraction? true or false

A

true

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26
Q

increased O2 demand

A

-increase blood flow
- increase O2 extraction

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27
Q

increase blood flow results

A
  • increase CO
  • redistrubte blood
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28
Q

increase O2 extraction results

A
  • open more capillaries
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29
Q

increase of cardiac output due to

A
  • increase HR
  • increase SV
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30
Q

Max HR =

A

208 - (.7xAge)

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31
Q

increased SV =

A
  • increase, then plateau at 40 to 60% VO2 max
  • no plateau in highly trained subjects (better venous return)
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32
Q

the plateau in SV that occurs in the untrained at 40 to 60% of VO2max is due to

A

decreased in filling time

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33
Q

total of _____ of blood to be circulate dhtorught the entire body at rest

A

5 to 6 L

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34
Q

why is there a need of redistribution of blood flow during exercise

A
  • increased blood flow to working skeletal muscle
  • less blood flow to less active organs
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35
Q

percent of blood flow to SM at rest and during maximal exercise

A
  • at rest 15 to 20%
  • max 80 to 85%
36
Q

maximal cardiaci output

A

20-30 L/min of blood to be circulated at maximal exercise

37
Q

the increase in muscle blood flow that occurs during exercise is regulated by several factors that promote

A

vasodilation

38
Q

autoregulation is

A
  • blood flow increased to meet metabolic demands of tissue
  • due to changes in O2 tension, CO2 tension, nitric oxide, potassium, adenosine, and PH
39
Q

why have vasoconstriction
to visceral organs and inactive tissues?

A
  • stimulated by SNS vasoconstriction
  • decrease blood flow to 20 to 30$ of resting values to SM
40
Q

the local inhibition of sympathetic induced vasoconstriction that occurs during exercise is called

A

sympatholysis

41
Q

produce of No, ATP, prostaglandins is the promotion of dilation which then

A

increases smooth muscle relaxation in the arterioles

42
Q

ATP and adenosine are important vasodilators for

A

they increase muscle blood flow during exercise

43
Q

what does adrenergic stimulation do?

A

constricts the arteriole at rest limiting the amount of blood flow to the muscle

44
Q

true or false: only 50-80% of the pre capillary sphincters are open at rest

45
Q

as intensity increases, motor units increases, what happens to capillaries

A

more created to match metabolic demand

46
Q

local factors to cause arterioles/metarterioles to open

A
  • decreased O2
  • increased CO2
    -H+
  • increased NO
  • Adenosine
  • prostaglandins
47
Q

humoral control that causes the arterioles/metaarteroles to open

A

epinephrine

48
Q

active hypermia

A

the increase in blood flow secondary to metabolites

49
Q

overcoming the SNS vasoconstriction with active hyperemia is referred to as

A

functional sympatholysis

50
Q

cardiac muscle extracts _____ of the O2 in the blood at rest

51
Q

skeletal muscle extracts ___% of the O2 in the blood at rest

52
Q

O2 uptake in skeletal muscle increases as a result of (2)

A
  • an increase in blood flow
  • an increase in O2 extraction from the blood
53
Q

arteriovenous difference is the (a-VO2 diff)

A

arterial oxgen centent minus the venous O2 content

54
Q

changes in arteriovenous difference depends on

A
  • myoglobin
  • capillarity
  • mitochondria
  • mitochondria enzymes
55
Q

to meet the increased oxygen demand of the skeletal muscles during exercise, it is necessary to?

A

increase muscle blood flow hwoile reducing blood flow to less active organs

56
Q

the arterioles in skeletal muscle have a high vascular resistance at rest due to

A

adrenergic sympathetic stimulation

57
Q

adrenergic sympathetic stimulation causes

A

arteriole smooth muscle to contact (vasoconstriction)

58
Q

what is VO2max

A

maximal oxygen consumption

59
Q

what is maximal aerobic capacity

A

the maximal amount of physiological work that an individual can do as measured by oxygen consumption

60
Q

Fick equation

A

VO2 = Q x (a-v-)O2 diff

61
Q

what limits VO2max?

A

stroke volume

62
Q

incremental exercise affects HR and CO by

A
  • increases linearly with increasing work rate
  • reaches plateau at 100% VO2 max
63
Q

incremental exercise affects on blood pressure

A
  • mean arterial pressure increases linearly
  • systolic BP increases
  • diastolic BP remains fairly constant
64
Q

what happens to BP as CO increases

A

BP increases

65
Q

why does diastolic not increase when incremental exercise increases?

A

due to TPR - vasodilation will cause a lower TPR

66
Q

elevated HR and BP in emotionally charged environment due to

A

increases in SNS activity
- can increase pre exercise
- does not increase peak HR or BP during exercise

67
Q

during an emotional state, which could cause an increase of HR and BP. What is the steps of that happening?

A

increase of stress stimulates the brain to release NE/E due to its purpose of fight or flight response. these hormones further enhance the sympathetic stimulation of the heart, blood vessels. therefore increase in HR and BP

68
Q

at the onset of exercise: what happens?

A
  • rapid increase in HR, SV, and cardiac output
  • plateau in submaximal (below lactate threshold) exercise)
69
Q

what happens during recovery after an exercise

A
  • decrease in HR, SV, and cardiac put toward resting levels
  • this depends on: duration and intensity of exercise and training state of subject
70
Q

intermittent exercise recovery heart rate and blood pressure between bouts deepens on

A
  • fitness level
  • temperate and humidity
  • duration and intensity of exercise
71
Q

heavy intensity intermittent exercise

A

near maximal Hr values are possible

72
Q

During arm and leg exercise, which causes a higher heart and blood pressure?

73
Q

why does your arm have a higher heart rate and blood pressure?

A

theres a greater sympathetic outflow to the heart during arm work when compared to leg exercise

74
Q

the large increase in blood pressure during arm work is due to

A

vasoconstriction in the active muscle groups

75
Q

larger muscle groups (leg) that is exercising causes more resistance vessels to dilate. therefore causing?

A

lower peripheral resistance causing lower blood pressure

76
Q

at the same oxygen uptake, arm work results in higher HR and BP due to

A
  • due to higher sympathetic stimulation
  • due to vasoconstriction of large inactive muscle mass
77
Q

during a prolonged exercise cardiac output is maintained because of

A
  • a gradual decrease in stroke volume due to dehydration and reduce plasma volume
78
Q

The increase in heart rate and decrease in stroke volume observed during prolonged exercise is often referred to as

A

cardiovascular drift

79
Q

supine vs upright exercise

A

supine exercise have a much greater venous return and Higher SV and lower HR

80
Q

the central command refers to

A

a motor signal developed within the brain -

81
Q

fine tuned by feedback from

A
  • heart mechanoreceptors
  • muscle mecnachorecepotrs
  • muscle chemoreceptors
  • baroreceptors
82
Q

muscle chemoreceptors are sensitive to increases in

A

muscle metabolites (potassium, lactic acid)
- exercise pressor reflex

83
Q

what is exercise pressor reflex

A

its a type of peripheral feedback to the cardiovascular control center (medulla oblongata)

84
Q

muscle mechanoreceptors are sensitive to

A

force and speed of muscular movement (muscle spindles, GTOs)

85
Q

baroreceptors are sensitive to

A

changes in arterial blood pressure

86
Q

what proposes that the initial signal to “drive” the cardiovascular system at the beginning of exercise comes from higher brain centers.

A

central command theory

Applied Phys (8 decks)

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