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Applied Phys > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

which part of the cardiovascular creates pressure to pump blood

A

heart

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2
Q

what carries blood away from the heart

A

arteries and arterioles

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3
Q

what exchanges O2, CO2, and nutrients with tissues

A

capillaries

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4
Q

what carries blood towards the heart

A

veins and venules

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5
Q

exercise cause increase of cardiac output due to increased in both ____ and ____

A

heart rate and stroke volume

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6
Q

at rest, a normal balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic cavity to the heart is maintained by what?

A

cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata

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7
Q

sympathetic uses this nerve to innervate both the SA node and the ventricles

A

Cardiac accelerator nerves

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8
Q

once the sympathetic nerve reaches the heart, what hormone does it release and what does this hormone do?

A

release norepinephrine upon stimulation, and act on beta receptors which causes an increase of heart rate and the force of myocardial contraction

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9
Q

give an example of sympathetic nerve stimulation

A

increase in right atrial pressure =increase in venous return; hence to prevent backup of blood in the systemic venous system, an increase in CO must occur.
CCC responds by increase sympathetic to the heart  increase HR and CO = Increase in CO = decrease atrial pressure and decrease venous blood pressure

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10
Q

parasympathetic inverted by

A

vagus nerve

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11
Q

after making contact with SA node and AV node (parasympathetic), which hormone is released and what is the cause?

A

acetylcholine is released and cause a decrease in the activity of SA and AV due to hyper polarization

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12
Q

a decrease in parasympathetic tone to the heart may cause what? what happens if there an increase?

A

a decrease would cause elevate heart rate and increase would cause slowing of heart rate

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13
Q

give an example of sympathetic activity

A

EXAMPLE: Increase resting BP = Increase parasympathetic activity to the heart leading to a slow the HR and reduce CO. The result of Reduction in CO = decrease BP

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14
Q

cardiovascular system work with what system?

A

pulmonary

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15
Q

cardiovascular system works with the pulmonary system to? 3

A
  • transport O2 and nutrients to tissues
  • remove of CO2 wastes from tissues
  • regulate body temperature
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16
Q

what is oncotic pressure?

A

oncotic pressure is the exchange of nutrients, wastes and gases that depends on capillary pressure, concentration gradient, and protein pressure

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17
Q

the exchange of nutrients, wastes and gases depends on? 3

A
  • capillary pressure
  • concentration gradient
  • protein pressure
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18
Q

high number of proteins in the blood create movement into the?

A

capillary

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19
Q

high pressure in the capillary creates movement into the

A

tissues

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20
Q

brief description of pulmonary circuit

A
  • right side of the heart
  • pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries
  • returns oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart via pulmonary veins
  • low pressure system
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21
Q

brief description of systemic circuit

A
  • left side of the heart
  • pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body via arteries
  • returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart via veins
  • high pressure system
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22
Q

the left ventricle (including the septum) accounts for how many percent of the total heart mass

A

75-80%

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23
Q

why is the LV thicker than the RV?

A

LV has a higher pressure systemic vasculature (pumps harder)

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24
Q

what is the purpose of heart valves?

A

prevent back flow of blood into the heart chambers

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25
Q

what is the chorda tendinae attached to and what does it prevent?

A

attached to the papillary muscles which prevent the AV valves from regurgitating when ventricles contract

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26
Q

layers of the heart

A
  • epicardium (visceral pericardium)
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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27
Q

Characteristics and function of the epicardium (visceral pericardium)

A
  • serous membrane including blood capillaries, lymph, capillaries, and nerve fibers
  • serves as lubricative outer covering
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28
Q

Characteristics and function of the myocardium

A
  • cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissues and including blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, and nerve fibers
  • provides muscular contractions that eject blood from the heart chambers
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29
Q

Characteristics and function of the endocardium

A
  • endothelial tissue and a thick sub endothelial layer of elastic and collagenous fibers
  • serves as protective inner lining of the chambers and valves
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30
Q

when the myocardium contracts, it squeezes the coronary vessel hard enough to ______ blood flow

A

reduce

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31
Q

the fibrous pericardium has a little to no give in it so any contusion to the heart increase the risk of a _____ _____.

A

compartment syndrome

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32
Q

the layers receives blood supply via ____

A

coronary arteries (high demand for oxygen and nutrients)

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33
Q

cardiac muscle - a syncytium

A
  • latticework appearance
  • striated
    – intercalated discs
  • gap junctions
    -uninucleated
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34
Q

cardiac muscle cell types

A
  • cardiomyocytes
    -excitatory muscle fibers
  • conductive muscle fibers
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35
Q

cardiac muscle cell characteristics (4)

A
  • automaticity
  • excitability
  • conductivity
  • contractility
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36
Q

define automaticity

A

refers to the ability to spontaneously depolarize

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37
Q

define excitability (irritability)

A

refers to the ability of a cell to reach its threshold potential - respond to a stimulus

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38
Q

define conductivity

A

refers to the ability of a cell to conduct an AP from one cell to the next

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39
Q

define contractility

A

refers to the ability of a cell to contract or shorten in response to a stimulus

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40
Q

true or false: excitatory and conductive muscle fibers possesses actin and myosin?

A

flase: possess almost no actin and myosin

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40
Q

excitatory and conductive muscle fibers are capable of

A

self excitation - automatic rhythmicity

41
Q

excitation/contraction - unique differences (2)

A
  • source of Ca2+ for contraction
  • plateau of AP - longer contraction
41
Q

heat and skeletal comparison - contractile proteins: myosin and actin

A

present

42
Q

shape of muscle fibers - heart and skeletal muscle

A

H: shorter than skeletal muscle fibers and branching
S: elongated - no branching

43
Q

nuclei - heart and skeletal muscle

A

H: single
S: multiple

44
Q

Z discs - heart and skeletal muscle

A

H: present
S: present

45
Q

striated - heart and skeletal muscle

A

yes to both

46
Q

cellular junctions - heart and skeletal muscle

A

H: yes, intercalated discs; gap junctions
S: no junctional complexes

47
Q

connective tissue - heart and skeletal muscle

A

H: endomysium
S: epimysium, perimysium. and endomysium

48
Q

energy production - heart and skeletal muscle

A

H: aerobic (primary)
S: aerobic and anaerobic

49
Q

calcium source (for contraction) - heart and skeletal muscle

A

H: sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular calcium
S: sarcoplasmic reticulum

50
Q

neural control - heart and skeletal muscle

A

H: involuntary
S: voluntary

51
Q

regeneration potential - heart and skeletal muscle

A

H: none - no satellite cells present
S: some possibilities via satellite cells

52
Q

the cardiac cycle consist of

A

systole and diastole

53
Q

what does the cardiac cycle refer to

A

repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart

54
Q

the contraction phase is called

A

systole

55
Q

the relaxation period is called

A

diastole

56
Q

what prevents back flow into the atria

A

atrioventricular valves

57
Q

systole

A
  • contraction phase
  • ejection of blood
  • aprox. 2/3 blood is ejected form ventricles per beat
  • time in systole is aprox. 1/3 of the total cardiac cycle
58
Q

what happens at P wave?

A

Atrial depolarization

59
Q

what happens at QRS wave?

A

ventricular depolarization

60
Q

what happens at T wave?

A

ventricular repolarization

61
Q

what’s consider a wave?

A

up and down line of the the graph

62
Q

what is a segment?

A

what connects one wave to another

63
Q

what is an interval?

A

one wave and one segment

64
Q

what is the isometric line?

A

zero where the heart beat contracts

65
Q

the importance of PR interval

A

causes a delay that occurs at the AV node. Allows filling of ventricles

66
Q

what does RR interval interpret

A

calculate heart rate (heartbeat)

67
Q

what makes up the heart rate variable?

A

R to R - the time delay to get from one R to another R

68
Q

mean arterial blood pressure is determined by what two factors ?

A

Cardiac output and total vascular resistance

69
Q

increase in cardiac output or vascular resistance results an increase in

A

MAP

70
Q

which region serves as the pacemaker for the heart

A

Sinoatrrial node (SA node)

71
Q

which node locates in the floor of the right atrium, connects the atria which the ventricles by a pair of conducive pathways called the right and left bundle branches?

A

Atrioventricular Node (AV node)

72
Q

what does QT interval represent?

A

represents a whole systole contraction. Depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles

73
Q

what does ST segment represent

A

ventricular contraction

74
Q

where does AP originate?

A

Sinoatrial Node (the pacemaker)

75
Q

action potentials are carried by the ____ ____ from the bundle branches to the ventricular walls

A

pukinje fibers

76
Q

the myocardium is composed of three layers

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
77
Q

the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is called ____ and _____

A

systole and diastole

78
Q

blood pressure can be increased by one or all of the following factors:

A
  • increase in BV
  • increase in HR
  • increase in Blood viscosity
  • increase in SV
  • increase in peripheral resistance
79
Q

a recording of the electrical activity of the heart during the cardiac cycle is called the

A

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

80
Q

what happens during diastole?

A
  • pressure in ventricles is low
  • filling with blood from atria
  • AV valves open with ventricular P < atrial P
81
Q

what happens during systole?

A
  • pressure in ventricles rises
  • blood ejected in pulmonary and systemic circulation
    -semilunar valves open when ventricular P > aortic P
82
Q

decrease of stroke volume could decrease ejection fraction that could lead to

A

heart failure

83
Q

isovolumic contraciton

A

no change in volume

84
Q

isovolumic relaxation

A

diastole part

85
Q

systolic pressure is generated during

A

ventricular contraction

86
Q

diastolic pressure in the arteries during

A

cardiac relaxation

87
Q

____ ___ is the difference between systolic and diastolic

A

pulse pressure

88
Q

increase in BP = decreased in

A

SNS activity

89
Q

decrease in BP = increased in

A

SNS activity

90
Q

TVR is based on

A
  • diameter of the blood vessel
  • viscosity of the blood
91
Q

which organ regulate blood volume

A

kidney

92
Q

BP =

A

CO x TPR

93
Q

BP =

A

HR x SV x TPR

94
Q

during isometric contraction, HR contraction would be stronger to deliver more blood oxygen through the body therefore what would happen?

A

increase of BP

95
Q

a low HRV indicates?

A

an imbalance exists in autonomic regulations

96
Q

physical inacvity promotes a decrease in

A

HRV

97
Q

aerobic exercise result in increased of

A

HRV

98
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV) is referred as

A

preload

99
Q

Frank Starling demonstrated that

A

the strength of ventricular contraction increased with an enlargement of EDV

100
Q

EDV results in a lengthening of

A

cardiac fibers that improves the force of contraction in a manner similar to that seen in skeletal muscle

Applied Phys (8 decks)

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