Structure and functions of living organisms - Human nutrition

Question 1

What should a balanced diet include

Answer 1

Appropriate proportions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water and dietary

Question 2

What is the source of carbohydrates

Answer 2

Grains, such as bread, noodles, pasta, crackers, cereals, and rice

Question 3

What is the source of lipids

Answer 3

oils (liquids) and fats (solid)

Question 4

What is the source of protein

Answer 4

(lean meat) and chicken, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts, seeds, and legumes/beans

Question 5

What is the source of vitamin A

Answer 5

vitamin A is found in green leafy vegetables such as carrots and spinach

Question 6

What is the source of vitamin C

Answer 6

citrus fruits, tomatoes, tomato juice and potatoes

Question 7

What is the source of vitamin D

Answer 7

oily fish, including salmon, mackerel, and sardines

Question 8

What is the source of the mineral ions iron

Answer 8

red meat

Question 9

What is the source of the mineral ions calcium

Answer 9

Dairy products such as cheese, milk and yogurt

Question 10

What are the functions of carbohydrates

Answer 10

They are an energy source, help control body glucose and insulin metabolism (and help with fermentation)

Question 11

What are the functions of protein

Answer 11

helps repair and build your body’s tissues, allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions
structural support, biochemical catalysts, hormones, enzymes, building blocks, and initiators of cellular death

Question 11

What are the functions of lipids

Answer 11

They help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins, making hormones and help to regulate body temperature

Question 12

What are the functions of vitamin A

Answer 12

Vision, growth, reproduction, cell division and immunity

Question 13

What are the functions of Vitamin
A

Answer 13

normal vision, the immune system, reproduction, and growth and development

Question 13

What are the functions of vitamin D

Answer 13

It helps to regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body

Question 14

What are the functions of vitamin C

Answer 14

It helps to protect cells and keep them healthy

Question 15

What are the functions of the mineral ion iron

Answer 15

oxygen transportation, deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and electron transport

Question 16

What are the functions of the mineral ion calcium

Answer 16

They help to build bones and keep teeth healthy, regulate muscle contractions, including your heartbeat and to make sure blood clots normally

Question 17

What is the function of water

Answer 17

it carries nutrients and oxygen to the cells

Question 18

How do energy requirements vary with age, activity levels and pregnancy

Answer 18

older = less needed

activity level higher = more needed as more is being used for energy

pregnant = more needed as another person to feed

Question 19

Describe the structure and function of the human alimentary canal, including the mouth, oesophagus, etc

Answer 19

This long tube of organs makes a pathway for food to travel through the body

Question 20

How is food moved through the gut

Answer 20

By peristalsis:
the muscles above the bolus (food ball) contract, squeezing the food further down the gut and this repeats

Question 21

What breaks down starch and into what

Answer 21

Starch is broken down into glucose

Broken down by amylase and maltase

Question 22

What is protein broken into and by what

Answer 22

Protein is broken into smaller chains of amino acids

It is broken down by protease and HCL

Question 23

What are lipids broken into and by what

Answer 23

They are broken into fatty acids and glycerol

They are broken down by lipase

Question 24

Where is bile produced and stored

Answer 24

Produced in the liver

Stored in the gall bladder

Question 25

What is the role of bile

Answer 25

It nuetralises stomach acids as it is alkane which opposes the acidic stomach acids
It also emulsifies lipids, which is when bile breaks down large droplets of lipids into small ones, increasing the surface area for lipase (a digestive enzyme)

Question 26

How is the small intestine adapted for absorption

Answer 26

The inside walls of the small intestine are covered in villi which are covered in micro villi, massssssiiiivvvely increasing the surface area so more absorption takes place

Question 27

Practical investigate the content in a food sample

Answer 27

avemyexams.com/igcse/biology/edexcel/19/revision-notes/2-structure-and-function-in-living-organisms/nutrition/2-33b-practical-energy-content-of-a-food-sample/

(maybe this)
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zs9krwx/revision/3#:~:text=Place%20food%20sample%20on%20mounted,final%20temperature%20of%20the%20water.