Structure and functions of living organisms - Human nutrition Flashcards
What should a balanced diet include
Appropriate proportions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water and dietary
What is the source of carbohydrates
Grains, such as bread, noodles, pasta, crackers, cereals, and rice
What is the source of lipids
oils (liquids) and fats (solid)
What is the source of protein
(lean meat) and chicken, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts, seeds, and legumes/beans
What is the source of vitamin A
vitamin A is found in green leafy vegetables such as carrots and spinach
What is the source of vitamin C
citrus fruits, tomatoes, tomato juice and potatoes
What is the source of vitamin D
oily fish, including salmon, mackerel, and sardines
What is the source of the mineral ions iron
red meat
What is the source of the mineral ions calcium
Dairy products such as cheese, milk and yogurt
What are the functions of carbohydrates
They are an energy source, help control body glucose and insulin metabolism (and help with fermentation)
What are the functions of protein
helps repair and build your body’s tissues, allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions
structural support, biochemical catalysts, hormones, enzymes, building blocks, and initiators of cellular death
What are the functions of lipids
They help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins, making hormones and help to regulate body temperature
What are the functions of vitamin A
Vision, growth, reproduction, cell division and immunity
What are the functions of Vitamin
A
normal vision, the immune system, reproduction, and growth and development
What are the functions of vitamin D
It helps to regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body
What are the functions of vitamin C
It helps to protect cells and keep them healthy
What are the functions of the mineral ion iron
oxygen transportation, deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and electron transport
What are the functions of the mineral ion calcium
They help to build bones and keep teeth healthy, regulate muscle contractions, including your heartbeat and to make sure blood clots normally
What is the function of water
it carries nutrients and oxygen to the cells
How do energy requirements vary with age, activity levels and pregnancy
older = less needed
activity level higher = more needed as more is being used for energy
pregnant = more needed as another person to feed
Describe the structure and function of the human alimentary canal, including the mouth, oesophagus, etc
This long tube of organs makes a pathway for food to travel through the body
How is food moved through the gut
By peristalsis:
the muscles above the bolus (food ball) contract, squeezing the food further down the gut and this repeats
What breaks down starch and into what
Starch is broken down into glucose
Broken down by amylase and maltase
What is protein broken into and by what
Protein is broken into smaller chains of amino acids
It is broken down by protease and HCL
What are lipids broken into and by what
They are broken into fatty acids and glycerol
They are broken down by lipase
Where is bile produced and stored
Produced in the liver
Stored in the gall bladder
What is the role of bile
It nuetralises stomach acids as it is alkane which opposes the acidic stomach acids
It also emulsifies lipids, which is when bile breaks down large droplets of lipids into small ones, increasing the surface area for lipase (a digestive enzyme)
How is the small intestine adapted for absorption
The inside walls of the small intestine are covered in villi which are covered in micro villi, massssssiiiivvvely increasing the surface area so more absorption takes place
Practical investigate the content in a food sample
avemyexams.com/igcse/biology/edexcel/19/revision-notes/2-structure-and-function-in-living-organisms/nutrition/2-33b-practical-energy-content-of-a-food-sample/
(maybe this)
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zs9krwx/revision/3#:~:text=Place%20food%20sample%20on%20mounted,final%20temperature%20of%20the%20water.
