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Anatomy MD2001 > Structure and Function of the Skin > Flashcards

Structure and Function of the Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are found of the epidermis of the skin?

A

avascular epithelium which undergoes proliferation and synthesises keratin

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2
Q

Components of the dermis

A

blood vessels, lymphatics, cutaneous nerves

collagen and elastic present but not replaced with age

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3
Q

Components of the hypodermis

A

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics
adipose tissue
skin ligaments

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4
Q

What happens when the skin is burned?

A

There is a loss of the skin barrier function which can result in dangerous fluid loss and infection

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5
Q

What type of epithelium is found at the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

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6
Q

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale

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7
Q

What is the function of hemidesmosomes in the stratum basale?

A

Anchors basal cells to basal lamina

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8
Q

What attaches the dermis to the basal lamina of stratum basale?

A

Collagen VII

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9
Q

What is the medical term for blistering?

A

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

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10
Q

What changes during blistering?

A

Collagen VII is mutated

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11
Q

What is found at the stratum spinosum?

A

Intermediate filaments K1/K10 expressed
Desmosomes link cell to cell
Hemidesmosomes which link basal cells with basement membrane

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12
Q

What regulates keratin in skin?

A

Differentiation programme regulates keratin expression pattern

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13
Q

Where is filaggrin found?

A

Keratohyaline granules in S.granulosum

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14
Q

Uses of filaggrin and its precursor profilaggrin

A

Maintain optimal skin barrier
Aids keratin filament aggregation
Inhibits water loss

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15
Q

What can mutations of filaggrin cause?

A

keratinisation disorders
eczema
null mutations associated with asthma

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16
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Basal layer of epidermis

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17
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

Release brown pigment melanin

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18
Q

What does melanin do?

A

Absorbs UV-B and prevents DNA damage to underlying cells of hypodermis

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19
Q

What is melanoma?

A

Tumor of melanocytes caused by exposure to UV radiation

20
Q

Where are melanocytes derived from?

A

neural crest cells that originate near the developing nervous system and spread into the embryo

21
Q

How are melanosomes developed and transferred to keratinocytes?

A

Melanosomes are specialised lysosomes which are synthesised in melanocytes and undergo exocytosis to be transferred to keratinocytes

22
Q

Where are Langerhan cells derived from?

A

Monocytes

23
Q

Where are most Langerhan cells found?

A

Stratum spinosum

24
Q

What is the antigen processing function of Langerhan cells?

A

Langerhan cells activated in skin, migrate to lymph nodes, capture, process and present antigens

25
Q

Explain virus degradation

A

Langerhan cells express Langerin which help degrade viruses in specialised endosomes called Birbeck granules

26
Q

Where is the dermo-epidermal junction and what is its function?

A

Found in the dermis and is complex to prevent shearing. Papillae flatten with age

27
Q

Where is the papillary dermis found and what is it comprised of?

A

Found superficial to the reticular dermis comprised of fine collagen fibres, elastic fibres, small blood vessels and nerves

28
Q

What does the hypodermis support?

A

Deepest part of hair follicles
Eccrine/merocine and apocrine sweat glands
Site of vitamin D production

29
Q

Composition of eccrine sweat glands

A

Simple coiled and tubular, secrete a watery fluid. Found in dermis and superficial fascia but ducts open onto the surface of the skin

30
Q

What controls eccrine sweat glands?

A

Sympathetic nervous system- important in thermoregulation and as a response to fear

31
Q

Properties of apocrine sweat glands?

A

Open into hair follicles in axillary and genital region and secrete milky fluid containing pheromones

32
Q

Where does the hair shaft grow from and what is it composed of?

A

Grows from the hair bulb and is composed of keratin, associated with sebaceous glands that open into the follicle and secrete sebum

33
Q

Describe how goose bumps are produced?

A

Arrector pili contracts smooth muscle attached to the papillary dermis and the sheath of the follicle which pulls the hair upright- controlled by sympathetic NS

34
Q

What forms a pilosebaceous unit?

A

hair follicle, sebaceous gland, hair shaft and arrector pilli

35
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

modified apocrine sweat glands, lactation under hormonal control

36
Q

Properties of nails

A

Nail plate formed from keratin

Growth from nail root which passes deep into the dermis

37
Q

Properties of teeth

A

Enamel develops from epithelium

dentine, pulp and periodontal membrane is mesodermal

38
Q

What is the periodontal membrane?

A

Fibrous joint between teeth and skull

39
Q

What are pain receptors?

A

Free nerve endings

Nociceptors which responds when tissues are being damaged or close to being damaged

40
Q

Temperature receptors?

A

Free nerve endings

Separate receptors for cold and heat

41
Q

Touch organs?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles- beneath the epidermis

Merkel cells for light touch- stratum basale

42
Q

Pressure organ?

A

Pacinian corpuscles - dermis

43
Q

Vibration organ?

A

Meissner’s and Pacinian corpuscles- dermis

44
Q

What comprises the reticular epidermis?

A

Coarser collagen and elastic fibres and larger blood vessels and nerves

45
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis from top to bottom?

A 
S. corneum
S. Lucidum
S. Granulosum
S. Spinosum
S. Basale

Anatomy MD2001 (21 decks)

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