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Anatomy MD2001 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pouch of serous membrane surrounding each testes?

A

Tunica vaginalis

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2
Q

Where are testes kept to keep them cool?

A

Scrotum

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the seminiferous tubules in testes?

A

Site of germination, maturation and transport of sperm cells to epididymis

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4
Q

What muscle is found in the skin of the scrotum?

A

Dartos smooth muscle

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5
Q

What defines the midline of the penis and scrotum?

A

Raphe

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6
Q

What divides the scrotum?

A

Septum

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7
Q

Where are ovaries situated?

A

In the peritoneal cavity

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8
Q

What characteristic feature of the fallopian tube allows ovum to enter during ovulation?

A

The end of the tube is fimbriated

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9
Q

What is the fundus of the uterus?

A

The end of the uterus that extends into the peritoneal cavity

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10
Q

What is the purpose of thickening of fascia on pelvic wall?

A

Supportive uterine ligaments

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11
Q

What do gonads produce?

A

Seed cells/gametes

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12
Q

What are the layers of the female gonads from inside out?

A

Granulosa, theca interna, theca externa

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13
Q

What is the structure of a sperm?

A

Consists of a head, a neck containing mitochondria and a tail

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14
Q

What do female gonads produce?

A

Oocytes by oogenisis

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15
Q

What do male gonads produce?

A

Sperm by spermatogenesis

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16
Q

What processes are gonadal hormones involved in?

A

Gamete production
Conception
Pregnancy
Lactation

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17
Q

Describe the common stages of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis

A

Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH

Pituitary glands then release hormones luteinising hormone LH and the follicle stimulating hormone LSH

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18
Q

What response is brought about in the ovaries by the hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal axis?

A

Progesterone and oestradiol released

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19
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

Regulates condition of inner lining of uterus, needed for implantation and maintenance of fertilised oocytes

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20
Q

Function of oestradiol?

A

Matures and maintains reproductive system
increased levels during menstruation allow maturation and release of egg and thickening of uterine wall to allow egg to implant

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21
Q

What response is brought about in the male gonads by the hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal axis?

A

testosterone produced by Leydig cells

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22
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

System of blood vessels in microcirculation at the base of the brain that connects the anterior pituitary gland with the hypothalamus

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23
Q

What secretes GnRH?

A

Preoptic nucleus neurons which target gonadotropes

Supraoptic nucleus neurons

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24
Q

Where is GnRH secreted?

A

Into hypophyseal portal system and delivered to anterior pituitary gonadotropes

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25
Q

Consequences of GnRH release being pulsatile?

A
  • requires less energy
  • does not desensitise tissue receptors
  • stress influences secretion
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26
Q

What gonadotropins are secreted by the gonadotrobes in the pituitary gland?

A

FSH and LH which target the gonads

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27
Q

What is the endocrine function of the ovaries?

A

Theca and granulosa cells work cooperatively to secrete oestradiol

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28
Q

What do oocytes contain?

A

Follicles in verious stages of development (primordial, primary, secondary, teriary, Grafiaan)

29
Q

What are theca cells?

A

The superficial layer of the oocyte follicle containing LH receptors

30
Q

What are the functions of theca cells?

A

convert cholesterol to pregenolone

produce androstenedione and testosterone

31
Q

What forms the cavity inside female gonads that don’t enclose the oocyte?

A

Antrum

32
Q

What morphological change occurs in granulosa cells during follicle development?

A

Layers increase in size from primary to secondary follicle development

33
Q

Function of granulosa cells?

A

Have LH and FSH receptor

convert cholesterol into pregnenolone and activate aromatase

34
Q

When does oogenesis occur?

A

In fetal stage

35
Q

Outline process of oogenesis?

A

Primordial germ cells (oogonia) increase in number
Many mature into oocytes
At 20 weeks gestation oocyte numbers reach max
Oocyte numbers decline until exhausted

36
Q

What are the 3 main oestrogens?

A

Oestradiol
oestrone
oestriol

37
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

Theca and granulosa cells

38
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovarian cycle which happens first

Endometrial cycle

39
Q

What is the first phase of the ovarian cycle and what occurs during it?

A

Follicular phase: development of mature Graafian follicle and secondary oocyte

40
Q

What separates the follicular and the luteal phase?

A

Ovulation

41
Q

What is the second phase of the ovarian cycle that occurs after ovulation and what occurs during it?

A

Luteal phase: corpus luteum actions such as synthesis and secretion of oestrogen and progesterone

42
Q

Function of corpus luteum

A

Secretes hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone but degenerates in 10-12 days if there is no fertilisation

43
Q

What are the 3 phases of the endometrial cycle in order?

A

Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Menstruation

44
Q

What occurs in the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

Increase in oestrogens mediating endometrial growth
Blood vessels and glands grow
Ovulation marks end of phase

45
Q

What occurs in the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

Decrease in oestrogens results in maturation of endometrium
Mucus glands develop
Glands and blood vessels increase in surface area

46
Q

What occurs during menstruation of endometrial cycle?

A

If no conception, endometrial lining is replaced
Vasoconstriction of spiral arteries
Local ishaemic injury
Inflammatory cell infiltration

47
Q

What occurs in the mammary glands?

A

Lactation: milk production and secretion
Breast tissue prepared during puberty by female gonadal hormones
Further development in pregnancy by oestrogens, progestins, hCG from fetus, and prolactin

48
Q

What regulates milk production?

A

Prolactin

49
Q

What mediates milk “let-down”

A

Oxytocin

50
Q

What is contained in the testis?

A

Leydig cells
blood vessels
seminiferous tubules (produces sperm and houses Sertoli cells)

51
Q

Where does testicular endocrine functions occur?

A

Leydig and Steroli cells

52
Q

Explain spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonium develops into primary spermatocytes, then secondary spermatocytes, then spermatids and then spermatozoa

53
Q

What regulates spermatogenesis?

A

Testosterone

54
Q

Explain what happens when LH binds to its receptor on the Leydig cell?

A

Causes testosterone production
Testosterone enters Sertoli cell
FSH stimulation activates aromatase which forms oestradiol

55
Q

What is oestradiol’s function in Leydig cells?

A

Regulates protein synthesis in the nucleus

56
Q

Testosterone effect on bone?

A

Growth of bone and connective tissue

57
Q

Effect of testosterone on muscle?

A

Growth of muscle and connective tissue

58
Q

Effect of testosterone on reproductive organs?

A

Growth and development of testes, protstate, seminal vesicles and penis
Growth of facial, axillary and pubic hair
Growth of larynx
Spermatogenesis

59
Q

Effect of testosterone on skin?

A

Increase in sebaceous gland size and secretions

60
Q

What do Sertoli cells do?

A

facilitate the progression of germ cells to spermatozoa

61
Q

Effect of progestins on breast tissue?

A

Increased lobular development

decreased milk production

62
Q

Effect of progestins on reproductive organs?

A

Decreased endometrial growth

Increased endometrial secretions

63
Q

Effect of progestins on tempertature?

A

Increased internal temperature

64
Q

Effect of oestrogen on bone?

A

Increased growth by osteoblasts

65
Q

Effect of ostrogen on endocrine system?

A

Increased progesterone responses

66
Q

Effect of oestrogen on the liver?

A

Increased clotting factors

Increased steroid binding proteins

67
Q

Effect of oestrogen on the reproductive organs?

A

Increased uterine growth
Increased vaginal and fallopian tube growth
increased breast growth
Increased cervical mucus secretion
Increased LH receptors on granulosa cells

68
Q

Explain what causes the shift from negative to positive feedback during oestrogen and progestin secretion?

A

Upregulation of receptors when oestrogen levels are increased. Results in LH and FSH surge

69
Q

What differences are there between testosterone and oestrogen secretion?

A

Testosterone has one primary hormone

Anatomy MD2001 (21 decks)

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