Lungs

Question 1

Where is the trachea found?

Answer 1

Above the suprasternal notch starting at C6 and ending at T4/5

Question 2

What is the trachea?

Answer 2

C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage that hold the trachea open that support a muscular and fibro-elastic air-transport tube

Question 3

What alters the tracheal diameter?

Answer 3

Trachealis muscle

Question 4

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 4

2

Question 5

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 5

3

Question 6

What is the difference in composition of the right bronchus to the left bronchus?

Answer 6

The right bronchus is more vertical, shorter and wider

Question 7

What is the consequence of the difference in shape of the right bronchus to the left?

Answer 7

Foreign bodies are more likely to enter the right lung

Question 8

What supplies the bronchi with oxygenated blood?

Answer 8

Bronchial arteries

Question 9

What are the names of the different lung lobes?

Answer 9

Right superior lobar bronchus
Right middle lobar bronchus
Right inferior lobar bronchus
Left superior lobar bronchus
Left inferior lobar bronchus

Question 10

What can lobar bronchi be divided into?

Answer 10

Segmental bronchi

Question 11

Describe the continuation of bronchi to form alveoli

Answer 11

Bronchi divide into smaller branches becoming conducting bronchioles then terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles continually decreasing in diameter before forming alveoli

Question 12

Describe the histology of the trachea

Answer 12

Pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelia with goblet cells that secrete mucus

Question 13

Describe the histology of the bronchi

Answer 13

Pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelia but decreased in size compared to trachea and contains cartilage plates

Question 14

Explain the composition of the bronchiole

Answer 14

Very thin lumen. Epithelium changes to become ciliated columnar and there is a surrounding band of smooth muscle, cartilage and glands disappear and the bronchiole is held open by surrounding lung tissue

Question 15

Explain how asthma works in relation to the bronchiole

Answer 15

The smooth muscle in the bronchiole wall may excessively narrow the lumen

Question 16

Explain the histology of the terminal and respiratory bronchioles

Answer 16

The epithelium becomes non-ciliated, cubiodal and the goblet cells disappear. Alveoli bud off from respiratory bronchioles and gas exchange begins to occur

Question 17

Where are alveoli found?

Answer 17

Outpocketings of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs

Question 18

What separates alveoli?

Answer 18

Septae which is a thin membrane containing capillaries, it is the air-blood barrier for gas-exchange

Question 19

What are pleura?

Answer 19

The membrane that lines the lungs within the cavity and the cavity walls

Question 20

What is the pleural cavity?

Answer 20

Space between layers of pleura. Contains fluid that lubricates the pleural surfaces to allow friction free movement between surfaces

Question 21

What is visceral pleura?

Answer 21

Pleura covering the lungs

Question 22

What is parietal pleura?

Answer 22

Pleura covering the cavity walls

Question 23

What separates lungs?

Answer 23

Mediastinum

Question 24

Explain lung lymph drainage

Answer 24

Occurs by the sub-pleural plexus and a plexus alongside the bronchi to hilar lymph nodes

Question 25

What is the hilum?

Answer 25

The root of the lung where structures pass into and out of the lung

Question 26

Explain blood flow in the lungs

Answer 26

Deoxygenated blood enters the lungs via pulmonary arteries and oxygenated blood leaves via pulmonary veins

Question 27

Explain the surface anatomy of the lungs

Answer 27

Superiorly, the lungs and pleura sit above the clavicle

Inferiorly, the lungs extend down the costal margin but end 2 ribs higher

Question 28

Purpose of internal intercostal muscle?

Answer 28

Depress the ribs pulling them down in deep exhalation

Question 29

Purpose of external intercostal muscle?

Answer 29

Elevate and lift ribs in deep inhalation which assists expansion of thoracic cavity

Question 30

What is the anatomy of the diaphragm?

Answer 30

Muscular periphery and tendinous centrally, has 2 domes

Question 31

What supplies the diaphragm motorally and sensorally?

Answer 31

The phrenic nerve C3,4,5

Question 32

What occurs in the diaphragm domes during inhalation?

Answer 32

The domes descend causing negative intra-thoracic pressure but raising intra-abdominal pressure

Question 33

What happens during a pneumothorax?

Answer 33

When air enters into the pleural cavity

Question 34

What must be done to resolve a pneumothorax?

Answer 34

Air must be removed to allow the lung to expand again. a needle is inserted just above the rib to avoid damage to the neurovascular bundle that runs inferior to each rib.