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Anatomy MD2001 > Joints and Muscles > Flashcards

Joints and Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are joints?

A

The location where 2 or more bones meet

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2
Q

What do joints do?

A

Facilitate growth and are responsible for transmitting forces to allow movement and weight-bearing

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3
Q

What are the ways that joints can be classified according to their movement?

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthoses

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4
Q

What are synarthroses?

A

Suture joints, they are fixed together and are immovable

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5
Q

What are amphiarthroses?

A

Slightly movable and found between vertebrae

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6
Q

What are diarthroses?

A

Very movable and are found in the knee

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7
Q

What are the ways that joints can be classified according to the composition of their soft tissue?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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8
Q

Explain the 3 types of fibrous joints

A

There are 3 types:

  • Sutures: between skull vault bones
  • Syndesmosis: fibrous membrane between bones and the radioulnar interosseous membrane
  • Gomphosis: peg and socket
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9
Q

Explain cartilaginous joints

A

There are 2 types:

  • Primary (synchondrosis): bone-hyaline cartilage- bone: great strength, no movement
  • Secondary (symphysis): bone-hyaline cartilage-fibrocartilage- hyaline cartilage- bone: limited movement, found in midline of axial skeleton
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10
Q

Explain synovial joints

A

Allows movement without friction, contains a fibrous capsule made up of collagen fibres which unites bones, has a rich nerve supply and gives the joint structure. Also forms ligaments by widening itself where there are lines of stress

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11
Q

Different kinds of ligaments?

A

Intrinsic: forms thickening of the joint capsule
Extrinsic: located outside the capsule

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12
Q

How are sprains caused?

A

By over-stretching the ligaments, it prevents dislocation of the joint

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13
Q

What creates the frictionless surface of synovial joints?

A

The presence of articular hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

How does the avascular nature of synovial joints affect it?

A

It is poor at repairing itself as it cannot get rid of metabolites

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15
Q

Collagenous tissue (synovial membrane) secretes synovial fluid, what is in synovial fluid?

A

Hyaluronic acid
lubricin
phagocytic cells

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16
Q

How does exercise improve shock absorption of joints?

A

Exercise decreases the viscosity of the synovial fluid improving the lubrication to provide shock absorption. glycoproteins transfer metabolites to and from the articular cartilage dissolved in synovial fluid

17
Q

Alternate name for intra-articular disc found in synovial joints?

A

Meniscus

18
Q

Purpose of meniscus

A

Can deepen the joint and provides support and stability. Found in areas of rotary movement

19
Q

Purpose of bursae in synovial joints?

A

Reduces friction between tendons and bones

20
Q

What are synovial sheaths?

A

Specialised bursae that encloses tendons and are subject to pressure, potential route for infection

21
Q

Range of movement in ball and socket joint?

A

3 planes

22
Q

Range of movement in hinge joints?

A

1 plane

23
Q

What variables is the stability of a joint dependent on?

A

Shape of bone
Strength and position of ligaments
Tone of muscle surrounding the joint

24
Q

Explain Osteoarthritis

A

A degenerative disease affecting the articular cartilage and the weight-bearing joints. Inflammation of joints. The bone begins to grow and change shape.

25
Q

Explain rheumatoid arthritis

A

An autoimmune disease due to reaction to the synovial membrane. Inflammation causes changes in the synovium resulting in destruction of articular cartilage

26
Q

Function of deep fascia?

A

Separates the limbs into compartments

27
Q

What are the roles in a functional group of muscles?

A

Prime mover: Main participant in movement
Synergists: Assists prime mover
Antagonists: Group of muscles apposing the movement

28
Q

Arrangement and function of muscle fibres?

A

Arranged in fasciculi, supports nerves and capillaries

29
Q

What is the function of the endomysium?

A

Separates muscle fibres

30
Q

Where is the perimysium?

A

Between fasciculi

31
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

Dense sheet of connective tissue on the surface of the muscle

32
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Connects muscle to bone

33
Q

Explain skeletal muscle differentiation?

A

Myosatellite cells produce myoblasts that mature into multi-nucleated myocytes. Myosatin inhibits differentiaion

34
Q

Where are primary cartilaginous joints found?

A

Epiphyseal plate

Anatomy MD2001 (21 decks)

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